(MENAFN - GetNews) Primary Cells Market: Information by Source (Hematopoietic Cells, Skin Cells, Gastrointestinal Cells, Liver Cells, Lung Cells, and Skeletal and Muscle Cells) Type (Human Primary Cells and Animal Primary Cells), End User (Pharmaceutical and Biotechnology Companies and Research Institutes) and Region - Forecast till 2025

Market Highlights

Primary Cells Market is expected to register a CAGR of8.13% during the forecast period, with a market value of USD 1,233.67 Million till 2025. Primary human cells are isolated directly from normal human tissue or blood cells via the enzymatic or mechanical method. Primary cells retain their fundamental cellular functions. Hence, their use in cell-based research programs is increasing significantly.

Numerous factors such as rapid growth in the biotechnology and biopharmaceutical industries, growing cancer research, rising adoption of primary cells over cell lines, increasing demand for monoclonal antibodies, and rising healthcare expenditure are anticipated to drive the growth of the market during the forecast period. Additionally, the growing research on personalized therapies and stem cells is likely to contribute to market growth. However, the high cost of advanced primary cells and risk of contamination may hamper the growth of the market. The increasing preference of primary cells in research and development to develop new drug acts as opportunities for the growth of the primary cells market.

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Segment Analysis

The Global Primary Cells Market is segmented into Source, Type, and End User. By source, the market has been segmented into hematopoietic cells, skin cells, gastrointestinal cells, liver cells, lung cells, and skeletal and muscle cells.

Based on type, the market has been segmented into human primary cells and animal primary cells. Based on end user, the market has been segmented into pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies and research institutes.

Regional Analysis

The Global Primary Cells Market, based on region, has been divided into the Americas, Europe, Asia-Pacific, and the Middle East & Africa.

The Americas is expected to hold the largest share of the global primary cells market. This is owing to the increasing prevalence of cancer and growing government funding in research. Also, the key players in the market are engaged in new launches and strategic collaborations to hold their market position. For instance, in January 2017, STEMCELL Technologies Inc. entered into a license agreement with Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, to commercialize the center's technology for producing gastrointestinal organoids from pluripotent stem cells (PSCs). Thus, all these factors are driving the primary cells market.

The European market holds the second-largest position in the global primary cells market. Factors attributing to the growth of the market include the rising prevalence of lifestyle-associated conditions, and the presence of developed economies such as Germany, the UK, and France boosts the market growth.

Asia-Pacific is estimated to be the fastest-growing region owing to the rising prevalence of chronic and acute diseases such as HIV, cancer, and diabetes, and the development of new infrastructure to support the healthcare industry are expected to drive the market growth.

The primary cells market in the Middle East & Africa is expected to grow at a significant rate owing to the implementation of a new business strategy such as a growing distribution channel, product launch in the untapped market by the healthcare companies increases the market growth in this region.

Key Players

MRFR recognizes the following companies as theKey Players in the Global Primary Cells Market Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc. (US), AllCells (US), American Type Culture Collection (ATCC) (Virginia), Axol Bioscience Ltd (UK), Cell Biologics, Inc. (Chicago), Lonza Group, AG (Switzerland), Merck KGaA (Germany), PromoCell (UK), STEMCELL Technologies Inc. (Canada), ZenBio, Inc. (Research Triangle Park, NC), and among others.

Key Findings of the Study

The Global Primary Cells Market was valued at USD 722.61 Million in 2018, is estimated to grow at USD 1,233.67 Million by 2025 at a CAGR of 8.13% during the assessment period

Asia-Pacific accounted for the largest share of the global market due to the increasing per capita health spending, growing geriatric population base, and developing countries enhance the market growth

Based on source, the hematopoietic cells segment accounted for the largest market share in 2018

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Originally posted here:
Primary Cells Market Is Expected to Reach Register USD 1233.67 Million at a CAGR of 8.13% By 2025 - MENAFN.COM

Skin Stem Cells Comments Off on Primary Cells Market Is Expected to Reach Register USD 1233.67 Million at a CAGR of 8.13% By 2025 – MENAFN.COM | January 30th, 2020

SAN FRANCISCO, Jan. 29, 2020 /PRNewswire/ -- The story of Alzheimer's disease is familiar and heartbreaking. As neurons degenerate and die, patients slowly lose their memories, their thinking skills, and ultimately, their ability to perform basicday-to-day tasks.

For years, clinical trials investigating potential treatments for Alzheimer's disease have come up short. That's why researchers at Gladstone Institutes are delving deeper into the question of what drives this complex disease.

Now, a team led by Senior Investigator and President EmeritusRobert Mahley, MD, PhD, has received $4.8 million from the National Institutes of Health (NIH) to study a promising culprit: apoE4, a protein associated with increased risk of Alzheimer's disease.

ApoE4 is one of the forms of apolipoprotein E, a protein that aids repair processes in neurons injured by aging, stroke, or other causes. The most common form is called apoE3, but apoE4 is not rare: it is found in one-quarter of the human population and in about two-thirds of all Alzheimer's patients, which makes it the most important genetic risk factor for the disorder.

"ApoE4 dramatically rewires cellular pathways in neurons and impairs their function," Mahley said. "Our goal is to understand how this rewiring occurs and identify potential new treatment strategies to negate the detrimental effects."

ApoE3 and apoE4 differ at only a single point in the sequence of their amino acid building blocks. But that single change gives apoE4 a very different shape from apoE3, making it more susceptible to being broken down into smaller fragments within a neuron.

"Our work suggests that these apoE4 fragments are toxic to neurons and cause sweeping changes to the collection of proteins expressed within a neuron," Mahley said. "We suspect that their toxicity may underlie much of the neurodegeneration seen in Alzheimer's disease."

A Powerful Partnership

With the new NIH funding, Mahley hopes to illuminate the specifics of apoE4's toxicity in unprecedented molecular detail. Key to this work is his new partnership with Senior InvestigatorNevan Krogan, PhD, and Gladstone Mass Spectrometry Facility Director Danielle Swaney, PhD, who together have extensive expertise in studying how proteins interact with each other.

To get to the bottom of apoE4's impact, they will use a technique called affinity purification mass spectrometry (AP-MS)to first determine which proteins, out of the thousands found in a single cell, interact directly with apoE4 fragments.

"AP-MS is an important first step because it will allow us to define physical interactions between proteins that may underlie the functional deficits observed in neurons that express apoE4," Swaney said. The AP-MS work will be performed in mouse-derived neuronal cells that are similar to human neurons.

In addition to AP-MS, the collaborators will use other advanced protein analysis techniques perfected in Krogan's lab to better understand the cellular processes that are dysregulated in apoE4-expressing neurons. This additional protein work will be performed in neurons derived from human induced pluripotent stem (hiPS) cells. These stem cells are produced from human skin cells, using the procedure developed byShinya Yamanaka, MD, PhD, a Gladstone senior investigator and 2012 Nobel prize winner.

"We are quite excited to be involved in this project," Krogan said. "My lab has successfully applied AP-MS and other cutting-edge proteomic and genetic techniques to many different diseases, and we now hope to enable a much deeper understanding of apoE4."

When combined, results from the APMS work and the additional protein analyses will reveal a list of key proteins involved in processes that are specifically altered in apoE4 neurons compared to apoE3 neurons.

From that list, Mahley and Swaney will select top candidates for further investigation in neurons grown from hiPS cells. Senior InvestigatorYadong Huang, MD, PhD, who has also studied apoE4 extensively, will provide guidance on the use of the hiPS cells.

Using a gene-editing tool called CRISPR, the researchers will see if they can reverse the detrimental effects of apoE4 by activating or inhibiting genes that control their top candidate proteins in the hiPS cell-derived neurons. Finally, they will validate the findings in mice.

"By the end of the project, we hope to narrow down our list to just a few target genes or proteins that protect or restore neuronal health when we activate or inhibit them in live mice with the apoE4 gene," Swaney said. "They could then be explored as potential targets for Alzheimer's treatment in humans."

New Hope for Alzheimer's Disease

Mahley and Swaney already have some ideas about where this work may lead. Earlier this year,they publishedevidence that apoE4 broadly impacts the mitochondriaorganelles that produce the energy that powers a celland perturbs normal energy production.

"Anything could be a target at this point, but I'm particularly interested in the possibility of small-molecule drugs that could protect mitochondria from toxic apoE4 fragments," Mahley said.

Still, mitochondria are just one aspect of the bigger picture. Mahley suspects that what we call "Alzheimer's disease" is actually a collection of related conditions with different underlying causes for different patients.

"Ultimately, I think the treatment of Alzheimer's disease will be similar to the treatment of high blood pressure, in that two, three, sometimes four drugs are needed to control the disorder," he said. "So, we may need a mitochondrial protector, we may need a drug that will correctapoE4's shapeso that it is more like apoE3, and more."

Understanding the complex effects of apoE4as well as the other Alzheimer's disease-associated factorsbeing explored at Gladstonecould one day enable just such a comprehensive approach.

Media Contact:Megan McDevittmegan.mcdevitt@gladstone.ucsf.edu415.734.2019

Related Images

team-of-researchers-who-received.jpg Team of Researchers who Received the Grant Gladstone Senior Investigator and President Emeritus Bob Mahley (center) will collaborate with the director of the Gladstone Mass Spectrometry Facility, Danielle Swaney (left), and Senior Investigator Nevan Krogan (right) to uncover the mechanisms of apoE4 toxicity in Alzheimer's disease.

Related Links

Gladstone Release

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SOURCE Gladstone Institutes

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Gladstone Scientists Funded by NIH to Dive Deep Into ApoE4's Role in Alzheimer's Disease - P&T Community

Skin Stem Cells Comments Off on Gladstone Scientists Funded by NIH to Dive Deep Into ApoE4’s Role in Alzheimer’s Disease – P&T Community | January 30th, 2020

Early Clinical Data Support ex vivo Hematopoietic Stem Cell Gene Therapy as a Potentially Promising Treatment Option for X-CGD

BOSTON and LONDON, Jan. 29, 2020 (GLOBE NEWSWIRE) -- Orchard Therapeutics (ORTX), a global gene therapy leader, today announced that it has received orphan drug designation from the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for OTL-102, the companys ex vivo autologous hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) gene therapy being investigated for the treatment of X-linked chronic granulomatous disease (X-CGD). The FDA may grant orphan designation to drugs and biologics intended to treat a rare disease or condition affecting fewer than 200,000 persons in the U.S.

We are pleased to have received this orphan drug designation from the FDA, which recognizes the potential of OTL-102 to address a rare population of patients with X-CGD, a life-threatening disease with a critical unmet need, said Anne Dupraz-Poiseau, Ph.D., chief regulatory officer at Orchard. We are encouraged by the clinical data published to date and are eager to advance OTL-102 development as quickly as possible for patients with X-CGD.

Orphan designation qualifies a company for certain benefits, including financial incentives to support clinical development and the potential for seven years of market exclusivity in the U.S. upon regulatory approval.

Early academic clinical trial data for OTL-102 that was recently published in Nature Medicine demonstrates that ex vivo autologous HSC gene therapy may be a promising approach for the treatment of X-CGD. The letter, which wasled by researchers at the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA)including Donald B. Kohn, M.D., one of the study's lead investigators and professor of microbiology, immunology and molecular genetics at UCLA and Great Ormond Street Hospital (UK), provides an analysis of safety and efficacy outcomes in nine severely affected patients with X-CGD. At 12 months post-treatment, six of seven surviving patients, all of whom were adults or late adolescents, exceeded the minimum threshold hypothesized in published literature to demonstrate potential clinical benefit, defined as 10% functioning, oxidase-positive neutrophils in circulation and have discontinued preventive antibiotics.1

As previously reported, two pediatric patients died within three months of treatment from complications deemed by the investigators and independent data and safety monitoring board to be related to pre-existing comorbidities due to advanced disease progression and unrelated to OTL-102. Investigators are planning to enroll additional pediatric patients in 2020 to assess outcomes in this patient population. In addition, there is work underway to improve the efficiency of the drug product manufacturing process prior to initiating a registrational study.

Patients with X-CGD experience significantly reduced quality and length of life, and currently must take daily medications that do not eliminate the risk of fatal infections, said Adrian Thrasher, Ph.D., M.D., one of the studys lead investigators and professor of pediatric immunology and Wellcome Trust Principal Research Fellow at UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health in London. These data demonstrate that OTL-102 has the potential to become a transformative new treatment option for patients with X-CGD with the evaluation of longer follow up and more patients.

About X-CGDX-linked chronic granulomatous disease (X-CGD) is a rare, life-threatening, inherited disease of the immune system caused by mutations in the cytochrome B-245 beta chain (CYBB) gene encoding the gp91phox subunit of phagocytic NADPH oxidase. Because of this genetic defect, phagocytes, or white blood cells, of X-CGD patients are unable to kill bacteria and fungi, leading to chronic, severe infections. The main clinical manifestations of X-CGD are pyoderma, a type of skin infection; pneumonia; colitis; lymphadenitis, an infection of the lymph nodes; brain, lung and liver abscesses; and osteomyelitis, an infection of the bone. Patients with X-CGD typically start to develop infections in the first decade of life, and an estimated 40 percent of patients die by the age of 35.2 The incidence of X-CGD is currently estimated at between 1 in 100,000 and 1 in 400,000 male births.

Story continues

About OTL-102OTL-102 is an ex vivo autologous hematopoietic stem cell gene therapy being studied for the treatment of X-CGD. The studies are supported by multiple institutions including the California Institute of Regenerative Medicine, the Gene Therapy Resource Program from the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases Intramural Program, the Wellcome Trust and the National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centres at Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust and University College London. Preclinical and clinical development of OTL-102 had originally been initiated by Genethon (Evry, France) and funded by an EU framework 7 funded consortium, NET4CGD, before being licensed to Orchard.

About OrchardOrchard Therapeutics is a global gene therapy leader dedicated to transforming the lives of people affected by rare diseases through the development of innovative, potentially curative gene therapies. Our ex vivo autologous gene therapy approach harnesses the power of genetically-modified blood stem cells and seeks to correct the underlying cause of disease in a single administration. The company has one of the deepest gene therapy product candidate pipelines in the industry and is advancing seven clinical-stage programs across multiple therapeutic areas, including inherited neurometabolic disorders, primary immune deficiencies and blood disorders, where the disease burden on children, families and caregivers is immense and current treatment options are limited or do not exist.

Orchard has its global headquarters in London and U.S. headquarters in Boston. For more information, please visit http://www.orchard-tx.com, and follow us on Twitter and LinkedIn.

Forward-Looking StatementsThis press release contains certain forward-looking statements about Orchards strategy, future plans and prospects, which are made pursuant to the safe harbor provisions of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. Such forward-looking statements may be identified by words such as anticipates, believes, expects, plans, intends, projects, and future or similar expressions that are intended to identify forward-looking statements. Forward-looking statements include express or implied statements relating to, among other things, the therapeutic potential of Orchards product candidates, including the product candidate or candidates referred to in this release, Orchards expectations regarding the timing of regulatory submissions for approval of its product candidates, including the product candidate or candidates referred to in this release, the timing of interactions with regulators and regulatory submissions related to ongoing and new clinical trials for its product candidates, the timing of announcement of clinical data for its product candidates and the likelihood that such data will be positive and support further clinical development and regulatory approval of these product candidates, and the likelihood of approval of such product candidates by the applicable regulatory authorities. These statements are neither promises nor guarantees and are subject to a variety of risks and uncertainties, many of which are beyond Orchards control, which could cause actual results to differ materially from those contemplated in these forward-looking statements. In particular, the risks and uncertainties include, without limitation: the risk that any one or more of Orchards product candidates, including the product candidate or candidates referred to in this release, will not be successfully developed or commercialized, the risk of cessation or delay of any of Orchards ongoing or planned clinical trials, the risk that prior results, such as signals of safety, activity or durability of effect, observed from preclinical studies or clinical trials will not be replicated or will not continue in ongoing or future studies or trials involving Orchards product candidates,the delay of any of Orchards regulatory submissions, the failure to obtain marketing approval from the applicable regulatory authorities for any of Orchards product candidates, the receipt of restricted marketing approvals, and the risk of delays in Orchards ability to commercialize its product candidates, if approved. Given these uncertainties, the reader is advised not to place any undue reliance on such forward-looking statements.

Other risks and uncertainties faced by Orchard include those identified under the heading "Risk Factors" in Orchards annual report on Form 20-F for the year ended December 31, 2018, as filed with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) on March 22, 2019, as well as subsequent filings and reports filed with the SEC. The forward-looking statements contained in this press release reflect Orchards views as of the date hereof, and Orchard does not assume and specifically disclaims any obligation to publicly update or revise any forward-looking statements, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise, except as may be required by law.

References1Kang et al. Blood. 2010;115(4):783-912van den Berget al. PLoS One. 2009;4(4):e5234

Contacts

InvestorsRenee LeckDirector, Investor Relations+1 862-242-0764Renee.Leck@orchard-tx.com

MediaMolly CameronManager, Corporate Communications+1 978-339-3378media@orchard-tx.com

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Orchard Therapeutics Announces FDA Granted Orphan Drug Designation for OTL-102 for the Treatment of X-linked Chronic Granulomatous Disease (X-CGD) -...

Skin Stem Cells Comments Off on Orchard Therapeutics Announces FDA Granted Orphan Drug Designation for OTL-102 for the Treatment of X-linked Chronic Granulomatous Disease (X-CGD) -… | January 30th, 2020

The 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) outbreak has sparked a speedy response, with scientists, physicians, and front-line healthcare professionals analyzing data in real-time in order to share findings and call out misinformation. Today, The Lancet published two new peer-reviewed studies: one which found that the new coronavirus is genetically distinct from human SARS and MERS, related viruses which caused their own outbreaks, and a second which reports clinical observations of 99 individuals with 2019-nCoV.

The first cases of the coronavirus outbreak were reported in late December 2019. In this new study, Nanshan Chen and colleagues analyzed available clinical, demographic, and laboratory data for 99 confirmed coronavirus cases at the Wuhan Jinyintan Hospital between Jan 1 to Jan 20, 2020, with clinical outcomes followed until 25th January.

Chen and colleagues reported that the average age of the 99 individuals with 2019-nCoV is around 55.5 years, where 51 have additional chronic conditions, including cardiovascular and cerebrovascular (blood flow to the brain) diseases. Clinical features of the 2019-nCoV include a fever, cough, shortness of breath, headaches, and a sore throat. 17 individuals went on to develop acute respiratory distress syndrome, resulting in death by multiple organ failure in 11 individuals. However, it is important to note here that most of the 2019-nCoV cases were treated with antivirals (75 individuals), antibiotics (70) and oxygen therapy (75), with promising prognoses, where 31 individuals being discharged as of 25th January.

Based on this sample, the study suggests that the 2019 coronavirus is more likely to affect older men already living with chronic conditions but as this study only includes 99 individuals with confirmed cases, it may not present a complete picture of the outbreak. As of right now, there are over 6,000 confirmed coronavirus cases reported, where a total of 126 individuals have recovered, and 133 have died.

In a second Lancet study, Roujian Lu and their fellow colleagues carried out DNA sequencing on samples, obtained from either a throat swab or bronchoalveolar lavage fluids, from eight individuals who had visited the Huanan seafood market in Wuhan, China, and one individual who stayed in a hotel near the market. Upon sequencing the coronaviruss genome, the researchers carried out phylogenetic analysis to narrow down the viruss likely evolutionary origin, and homology modelling to explore the virus receptor-binding properties.

Lu and their fellow colleagues found that the 2019-nCoV genome sequences obtained from the nine patients were very similar (>99.98% similarity). Upon comparing the genome to other coronaviruses (like SARS), the researchers found that the 2019-nCoV is more closely related (~87% similarity) to two bat-derived SARS-like coronaviruses, but does not have as high genetic similarity to known human-infecting coronaviruses, including the SARS-CoV (~79%) orMiddle Eastern Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) CoV (~50%).

The study also found that the 2019-nCoV has a similar receptor-binding structure like that of SARS-CoV, though there are small differences in certain areas. This suggests that like the SARS-CoV, the 2019-nCoV may use the same receptor (called ACE2) to enter cells, though confirmation is still needed.

Finally, phylogenetic analysis found that the 2019-nCoV belongs to the Betacoronavirus family the same category that bat-derived coronaviruses fall into suggesting that bats may indeed be the 2019-nCoV reservoir. However, the researchers note that most bat species are hibernating in late December, and that no bats were being sold at the Huanan seafood market, suggesting that while bats may be the initial host, there may have been a secondary animal species which transmitted the 2019-nCoV between bats and humans.

Its clear that we can expect new findings from the research community in the coming days as scientists attempt to narrow down the source of the 2019-nCoV.

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Rapid analysis shows that the 2019-nCoV coronavirus resembles viruses from bats - Massive Science

Skin Stem Cells Comments Off on Rapid analysis shows that the 2019-nCoV coronavirus resembles viruses from bats – Massive Science | January 30th, 2020

Now lets look at how the professionals do it.

Here are those same four strategies, as used in first paragraphs by various science journalists who write for The Timess Trilobites column, Science News and Science News for Students.

Via Trilobites:

From Swimming With the Mysterious Sardine Disco Balls of the Philippines:

Thousands to millions of sardines emerge from a coral wall in cobalt waters just a few yards from the shores of Cebu Island in the Philippines. They move in a single undulating cloud of silver that twists, turns, shrinks, expands and wraps itself around any object that gets in its way. At times, it becomes a thundercloud, blocking out the sun or clapping violently as it suddenly flips its formation to evade a predator.

From Your Phone Carries Chemical Clues About You, but There Are Limits to Using Them:

Your phone is pretty much a high-tech bucket of germs. Thousands of microscopic bugs crawl around on its surface. Remnants of dirty, old skin cells smudge its cover. Tiny hairs stick inside its buttons. And your hands have smeared hundreds of chemicals across its surface. The foundation on your face, the antidepressants you take, the shampoo in your shower and even the hard-core mosquito repellent you applied down in Panama four months ago: All of these things leave traces on your hands and phone. Thats why scientists say they can use your phone to learn a lot about your lifestyle.

From The Mucus-Shooting Worm-Snail That Turned Up in the Florida Keys:

Its bright orange and yellow and about as long as your finger. It lives underwater in a limestone tube with an opening at the tip about as wide as a pencil eraser. It glues its home to hard surfaces and stays for the rest of its life. Its a species of worm-snail that may never have been seen before, and somehow it turned up in an artificial reef in the Florida Keys.

From Eight Crossings and 192 Atoms Long: the Tightest Knot Ever Tied:

British scientists have tied the tightest knot ever tied and, as unlikely as it may seem, this is important.

From A Dolphins Recipe for Octopus:

Try having no arms and eating a live octopus thats crawling around on your head with its tentacles. Failure could mean its your last supper. But a population of bottlenose dolphins off the coast of Australia has found a way to do it.

From Searching for a Rectangular Sun Above the Arctic Circle:

Low on the horizon, the sun casts an eerie light on the icy sea. For several hours, the glow transforms the colorless terrain into shades of pink as the sun does not rise or set, but edges to the side traveling in a semicircle before slowly sinking one last time.

I am far north in the Arctic Ocean, and polar winter has just begun.

Via Science News for Students:

From NASAs Parker probe spots rogue waves and magnetic islands on the sun:

Rogue waves. Floating magnetic islands. Charged particle showers. These are just some of the things NASAs Parker Solar Probe witnessed during its first two close encounters with the sun.

From Science is helping kids become math masters:

Math is one four-letter word that leaves many teens anxious and sweaty. The idea of an impending math test might send shivers down their spines. Some kids avoid their homework or at least delay starting it because they find math so daunting. Their minds might even go blank at the sight of test questions, no matter how well they have studied. If this is you, theres some comfort knowing that youre not alone.

From Viewing virtual reality of icy landscapes may relieve pain:

Wearing a headset to play a virtual-reality game is fun. As you move your head around, you can see the scene from different angles. Youre immersed in a fake environment that seems so real. But the power of VR may go well beyond entertainment. It just might help people who suffer from long bouts of pain, a new study finds.

Via Trilobites:

From Watch Bees Surf to Safety on Waves They Create:

If their honey-making and pollination prowess werent enough, theres a new reason to appreciate honeybees: Theyre world-class surfers.

Beyond pollinating flowers, worker bees which are all females are given the job of searching for water to cool their hives. But if they fall into ponds, their wings get wet and cant be used to fly. A team of researchers at the California Institute of Technology found that when bees drop into bodies of water, they can use their wings to generate ripples and glide toward land like surfers who create and then ride their own waves.

Gnarly, right?

From Its a Dirty Job, but Someone Has to Do It and Not Get Eaten:

If you want to run a successful business, its important to provide a valuable service, advertise it well and do your best to get out what you put in. You should also try to make sure your customers dont eat you.

This is especially true if youre a cleaner shrimp. These industrious crustaceans set up cleaning stations grooves in rocks in which they can retreat in tropical coral reefs, where they pick parasites and dead skin off the fish, eels and turtles that seek them out for this purpose.

From Trilobite Fossils Show Conga Line Frozen for 480 Million Years:

You probably dont think twice when you queue up at the grocery store or join a conga line at a wedding. But this type of single-file organization is a sophisticated form of collective social behavior. And as suggested by the childrens song The Ants Go Marching One-By-One, humans are not the only animals that appreciate the value of orderly lines.

But how far back in the history of living things on Earth does this behavior go?

From How to Talk to Fireflies:

As Earth rotates in the summer, fireflies whisper sweet nothings to each other in the most beautiful language never heard. For millions of years the insects have called to one another secretly, using flashes of light like a romantic morse code. With some rather simple technology a light and a battery scientists have been decoding their love notes for years. But recently I learned that you dont have to be an entomologist to try to talk to fireflies.

From This Is What It Looks Like When an Asteroid Gets Destroyed:

The asteroid belt, hanging out between Mars and Jupiter, is not like the cluttered debris field in The Empire Strikes Back. It may contain millions of rocky and metal objects, but the distances separating them are vast, and collisions are rare.

From In the Race to Live on Land, Lichens Didnt Beat Plants:

A lichen is what happens when a fungus hugs an algae and doesnt let go. Its a sweet arrangement: The fungus offers shelter, and algae feed the fungus. Theyre still separate species, but tear them apart and the fungi typically cant survive. So theyve long been studied as a single organism.

Via Science News:

From A tiny switch could redirect light between computer chips in mere nanoseconds:

Microscopic switches that route light signals between computer chips like tiny traffic conductors could help make faster, more efficient electronics.

From Piranhas and their plant-eating relatives, pacus, replace rows of teeth all at once:

When it comes to scary teeth, piranhas bite is among the most fearsome. Their razor-sharp teeth strip preys flesh with the ease of a butchers knife.

From How tardigrades protect their DNA to defy death:

Tardigrades may partly owe their ability to survive outer space to having the molecular equivalent of cotton candy.

Via Trilobites:

From When Water Balloons Hit a Bed of Nails and Dont Pop:

Is it possible to bounce a water balloon off a bed of nails? Surprisingly, yes.

From Watch a Flower That Seems to Remember When Pollinators Will Come Calling:

Can you remember what you did yesterday? If not, you might want to take a lesson from Nasa poissoniana, a star-shaped flowering plant from the Peruvian Andes with an unusual skill set.

From Millions of Ibises Were Mummified. But Where Did Ancient Egypt Get Them?:

The ancient Egyptians left us with plenty of head scratching. How did they actually build the pyramids? Where is Queen Nefertiti buried? Whats inside that mysterious void in the Great Pyramid of Giza?

From How Making Chocolate Is Like Mixing Concrete:

What do chocolate and concrete have in common?

Via Science News:

From Vampire bat friendships endure from captivity to the wild:

Are friendships formed with those we truly like? Or do we settle for whoever happens to be around?

Via Trilobites:

From Fish Depression Is Not a Joke:

Can a fish be depressed? This question has been floating around my head ever since I spent a night in a hotel across from an excruciatingly sad-looking Siamese fighting fish. His name was Bruce Lee, according to a sign beneath his little bowl.

There we were trying to enjoy a complimentary bloody mary on the last day of our honeymoon and there was Bruce Lee, totally still, his lower fin grazing the clear faux rocks on the bottom of his home. When he did finally move, just slightly, I got the sense that he would prefer to be dead.

From My Dinosaurs Jet Lag Helps Explain Why a Time Change Is Hard:

Good morning. Or confusing morning, really. Come Daylight Saving Time each year, people often complain about how thrown off they feel by the shift of an hour.

I thought they were just whiny. That is, until my dinosaur got jet lag and refused to glow.

Since thats not an everyday occurrence, let me explain the dinosaur first, and then Ill get to how my dinosaurs problems may be connected to your own struggles to function over the next few days. (Hint: Its not only the loss of sleep that causes problems.)

From First the Worm Gets in the Bugs Head. Then the Bug Drowns Itself.:

A few years back, Ryan Herbison, then a graduate student in parasitology at the University of Otago, painstakingly collected about 1,300 earwigs and more than 2,500 sandhoppers from gardens and a beach in New Zealand.

Then, he dissected and examined the insides of their heads.

From Taking the Pulse of a Sandstone Tower in Utah:

In 2013, a mutual friend brought Kat Vollinger and Nathan Richman together as rock climbing partners. Within a few years, they were married, and their shared love of climbing led them on adventures around the world. Thats how, in March 2018, they found themselves scaling Castleton Tower, a nearly 400-foot sandstone spire near Moab, Utah, with a seismometer in tow.

Via Science News for Students:

From Dont toss that vape:

Kristen Lewis is the assistant principal at Boulder High School in Colorado. A large cardboard box sits in her office. Its where she tosses the spoils of her ongoing battle with the newest student addiction: vaping. This is what I call the Box of Death, she explains. Inside it is everything that weve confiscated.

From A first: Kids advise hospital researchers on their medical studies:

Paul Croarkin paces in a conference room as he presents a slideshow. It showcases his latest research on depression.

A psychiatrist, he works at the Mayo Clinic, a hospital in Rochester, Minn. And hes excited. Its the first time hes described his research to the hospitals newest advisory board. He really wants the boards opinions and feedback so that he can improve his study.

The board members pay close attention and offer great ideas. After all, thats their job. But they look a little different from most hospital board members. All are children and teens. They make up the only medical pediatric advisory board in the United States.

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Hooking the Reader Right From the Start: The Times Trilobites Column - The New York Times

Skin Stem Cells Comments Off on Hooking the Reader Right From the Start: The Times Trilobites Column – The New York Times | January 30th, 2020

On Monday, researchers from Japan's Osaka University announced the successful completion of a first-of-its-kind heart transplant.

Rather than replacing their patient's entire heart with a new organ, these researchers placed degradable sheets containing heart muscle cells onto the heart's damaged areas - and if the procedure has the desired effect, it could eventually eliminate the need for some entire heart transplants.

To grow the heart muscle cells, the team started with induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells. These are stem cells that researchers create by taking an adult's cells - often from their skin or blood - and reprogramming them back into their embryonic-like pluripotent state.

At that point, researchers can coax the iSP cells into becoming whatever kind of cell they'd like. In the case of this Japanese study, the researchers created heart muscle cells from the iSP cells before placing them on small sheets.

The patient who received the transplant suffers from ischemic cardiomyopathy, a condition in which a person's heart has trouble pumping because its muscles don't receive enough blood.

In severe cases, the condition can require a heart transplant, but the team from Osaka University hopes that the muscle cells on the sheet will secrete a protein that helps regenerate blood vessels, thereby improving the patient's heart function.

The researchers plan to monitor the patient for the next year, and they hope to conduct the same procedure on nine other people suffering from the same condition within the next three years.

If all goes well, the procedure could become a much-needed alternative to heart transplants - not only is sourcing iPS cells far easier than finding a suitable donor heart, but a recipient's immune system is more likely to tolerate the cells than a new organ.

"I hope that (the transplant) will become a medical technology that will save as many people as possible, as I've seen many lives that I couldn't save," researcher Yoshiki Sawa said at a news conference, according to The Japan Times.

This article was originally published by Futurism. Read the original article.

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Lab-Grown Heart Muscles Have Been Transplanted Into a Human For The First Time - ScienceAlert

Skin Stem Cells Comments Off on Lab-Grown Heart Muscles Have Been Transplanted Into a Human For The First Time – ScienceAlert | January 28th, 2020

Image: Nur Yucer, PhD, a project scientist, and Clive Svendsen, PhD, director of the Cedars-Sinai Board of Governors Regenerative Medicine Institute and Professor of Biomedical Sciences and Medicine at Cedars-Sinai. Photo by Cedars-Sinai.

Parkinson's disease is a neurodegenerative disorder that affects predominately dopamine-producing neurons in the brain. Nearly one million will be living with Parkinson's disease in the US this year, according to the Parkinson's Foundation. This is more than the number of people diagnosed with multiple sclerosis, muscular dystrophy and Lou Gehrig's diseasecombined.

About 60,000 Americans are diagnosed with Parkinson's disease each year, and more than 10 million people worldwide are living with it. Incidence of Parkinsons disease increases with age, but an estimated 10 percent of people with Parkinson's disease are diagnosed before age 50. This is called young-onset Parkinson's.

Researchers at Cedars-Sinai, led by Clive Svendsen, PhD, director of the Cedars-Sinai Board of Governors Regenerative Medicine Institute and Professor of Biomedical Sciences and Medicine at Cedars-Sinai, reported in a study published in Nature Medicine that they found that patients who develop young-onset Parkinsons disease may have been born with dysfunctional brain cells that go undetected for decades.

The research team generated special stem cells, known as induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), from cells of patients suffering from young-onset Parkinsons disease. These iPSCswhich can produce any cell type of the human body, all genetically identical to the patients own cellswere used to produce dopamine neurons from each patient to analyze their functions.

Two key abnormalities were observed in these neurons:

- Dr. Clive Svendsen

After testing a number of drugs on the abnormal dopamine neurons, the researchers discovered that a drug called PEP005 (ingenol mebutate) reduced the elevated levels of alpha-synuclein in both the dopamine neurons in the dish and in laboratory mice. A gel formulation of PEP005 is marketed by LEO Pharma as Picato and is FDA-approved for the treatment of actinic keratosis, a scaly skin patch that develops from years of exposure to the sun. According to the Mayo Clinic, a small percentage of actinic keratosis lesions can eventually become skin cancer.

Michele Tagliati, PhD, Director of the Movement Disorders Program and Vice Chair and Professor in the Department of Neurology at Cedars-Sinai, said the research team next will study how PEP005 might be delivered to the brain and whether or not the abnormalities found in young-onset Parkinson's patients also exist in other forms of Parkinsons.

- Dr. Michele Tagliati.

Edward Kim is Managing Editor of Equities.com.

_____

Sources: Equities News, Cedars-Sinai

DISCLOSURE:The views and opinions expressed in this article are those of the authors, and do not represent the views of equities.com. Readers should not consider statements made by the author as formal recommendations and should consult their financial advisor before making any investment decisions. To read our full disclosure, please go to: http://www.equities.com/disclaimer.

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Cedars-Sinai Study Indicates That Parkinson's Disease May Start Before Birth - Equities.com

Skin Stem Cells Comments Off on Cedars-Sinai Study Indicates That Parkinson’s Disease May Start Before Birth – Equities.com | January 28th, 2020

People who develop Parkinson's disease at a young age might have malfunctioning brain cells -- even before birth. A drug used to treat pre-cancers of the skin may help treat the condition, finds a new study. At least 500,000 people in the US are diagnosed with Parkinson's every year, a majority of them over the age of 60. But about 10% of them develop the condition young -- between 21 and 50 years. People develop the disease when the brain nerve cells that make dopamine -- a substance that helps coordinate muscle movement -- malfunction or die. Consequently, these patients experience difficulty moving due to stiff muscles and tremors. Most often, young-onset patients have a family history of Parkinsons disease.

"Young-onset Parkinson's is especially heartbreaking because it strikes people at the prime of life," said Dr. Michele Tagliati, director of the Movement Disorders Program, vice-chair, and professor in the Department of Neurology at Cedars-Sinai. "This exciting new research provides hope that one day we may be able to detect and take early action to prevent this disease in at-risk individuals," says Dr Tagliati, co-author of the study.

In this study, the team turned cells from these Parkinson's patients into a kind of stem cell, meaning they turned adult cells into an embryo-like state. These cells can be programmed into developing into any cell types, including muscles, nerves or heart, for instance. The team turned these stem cells into cells that produce dopamine and grew them in their lab.

"Our technique gave us a window back in time to see how well the dopamine neurons might have functioned from the very start of a patient's life," said senior author Dr. Clive Svendsen, director of the Cedars-Sinai Board of Governors Regenerative Medicine Institute and professor of Biomedical Sciences and Medicine at Cedars-Sinai.

When the team observed these cells, they saw an abnormal accumulation of a toxic protein called alpha-synuclein, which is seen in patients with most forms of Parkinson's disease. This accumulation could be the result of malfunctioning "trash cans".

These trash cans of the dopamine-producing cells called lysosomes are tasked with the breaking down and the disposing of proteins - but they failed to do so in young-onset Parkinson's patients. As a result, the toxic protein buildup ends up damaging dopamine-producing cells.

"The cells of the brain cannot dispose of the toxic protein called synuclein a hallmark of dying neurons in Parkinsons disease even before birth. This does not kill the neurons until much later in life though," the researchers tell MEA WorldWide (MEAWW). "Now we know that this starts so early in life we can think about ways to reduce this protein early and use this model as a way to detect whether the Parkinsons is starting," they add.

Further, the team also tested several drugs that might reverse the abnormality seen in these cells. They found that that one drug, dubbed PEP005, which is already approved by the Food and Drug Administration for treating precancers of the skin, proved effective in lab studies and mice. The drug brought down the levels of the toxic protein.

Encouraged by these positive results in the young-onset patients, the team is now testing whether these findings hold in patients who develop Parkinson's after the age of 50. "While we have shown our drug is effective in this cell model, it needs to be validated in actual patients before it is proven to be a treatment for Parkinsons. These studies are being planned," they add.

The study has been published in Nature Medicine.

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People who develop Parkinson's before 50 may have been born with damaged brain cells, says study - MEAWW

Skin Stem Cells Comments Off on People who develop Parkinson’s before 50 may have been born with damaged brain cells, says study – MEAWW | January 28th, 2020

People living with Type 1 diabetes are certainly faced with some daily hassles, such as finger-prick blood-glucose tests and insulin injections. An Israeli biomedical firm is now stating that such tasks may soon no longer be necessary, however, thanks to its prototype implant.

Developed by Beta-O2 Technologies, the titanium-bodied device is known as the Bio-artificial Pancreas, or the Air for short.

Measuring about 2.5 by 2.5 inches (64 mm), it incorporates a macrocapsule containing live pancreatic cells (aka islets), along with an oxygen tank. The cells can be obtained from a human donor, from the pancreas of a pig, or they can be grown from the patient's own stem cells in a lab. An external port on the oxygen tank allows the patient to refill it with oxygen on a weekly basis.

Once implanted under the skin, the Air is claimed to continuously monitor blood glucose levels, utilizing the oxygen-fed pancreatic cells to produce and deliver insulin whenever necessary. According to the company, the oxygen supply is the key to the device's success other experimental islet-equipped artificial pancreases, which rely on the limited amount of oxygen within the patient's bloodstream, reportedly have difficulty keeping the cells viable.

Additionally, no immunosuppressive treatments are required in order to keep the new implant from being rejected by the body. That said, the company states that it can easily be removed if necessary.

The device has already been trialled on four patients in Sweden, who experienced no side effects after carrying the implant for 10 months the cells remained viable throughout that period. A second-generation version is now being tested on diabetic rats, which have so far maintained normal glucose levels. A larger human trial should begin later this year.

Source: Beta-O2 Technologies

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Artificial pancreas uses oxygen tank to better-produce insulin - New Atlas

Skin Stem Cells Comments Off on Artificial pancreas uses oxygen tank to better-produce insulin – New Atlas | January 28th, 2020

The Cosmetic Skin Care report makes available a thoughtful overview of product specification, technology, product type and production analysis taking into account major factors such as revenue, cost, and gross margin. The report is sure to offer brilliant solution to the challenges and problems faced by industry. This business document comprises of extensive study about miscellaneous market segments and regions, emerging trends, major market drivers, challenges and opportunities in the market. This Cosmetic Skin Care business document also displays the key developments in the industry with respect to current scenario and the approaching advancements.

Global cosmetic skin care market is set to witness a substantial CAGR of 5.5% in the forecast period of 2019- 2026. The report contains data of the base year 2018 and historic year 2017. Increasing self-consciousness among population and rising demand for anti- aging skin care products are the factor for the market growth.

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Cosmetic Skin Care Market is Thriving with Rising Latest Trends by 2025 | Top Players- L'Oral, Unilever, New Avon Company, Este Lauder Companies,...

Skin Stem Cells Comments Off on Cosmetic Skin Care Market is Thriving with Rising Latest Trends by 2025 | Top Players- L’Oral, Unilever, New Avon Company, Este Lauder Companies,… | January 28th, 2020

Parkinsons disease is an illness that most often affects older people, but new research suggests it may actually be present in the brain right from birth and even earlier. Scientists from Cedars-Sinai have now found that in the brains of young-onset Parkinsons patients, malfunctioning neurons are always there but it takes 20 to 30 years for the symptoms to accumulate. Thankfully, a drug thats already on the market could help prevent the disease from taking hold if caught early enough.

Parkinsons disease primarily affects neurons in the brain that produce dopamine, eventually causing muscle weakness and stiffness, tremors, and balance problems. Most of the time, the disease is diagnosed in older people over the age of 60, but around 10 percent of cases occur in those aged between 21 and 50.

In a new study, scientists from Cedars-Sinai set out to investigate whether there were any early warning signs in the neurons of patients whod been diagnosed with Parkinsons before they turned 50. To do so, they created induced pluripotent stem cells (IPSCs) from young-onset Parkinsons patients, which can then be turned into almost any other cells in the body.

The researchers used the IPSCs to grow dopamine neurons in lab dishes. As they watched them develop, the team noticed that cell structures called lysosomes were malfunctioning. These structures are responsible for breaking down unneeded or worn-out proteins so when they dont work as well as they should, proteins begin to pile up. And one such protein that the team spotted in higher amounts is called alpha-synuclein, which is implicated in many forms of Parkinsons.

"Our technique gave us a window back in time to see how well the dopamine neurons might have functioned from the very start of a patients life, says Clive Svendsen, senior author of the study. "What we are seeing using this new model are the very first signs of young-onset Parkinsons. It appears that dopamine neurons in these individuals may continue to mishandle alpha-synuclein over a period of 20 or 30 years, causing Parkinsons symptoms to emerge.

Next up, the team investigated whether the condition could potentially be treated or even prevented. After testing a series of drugs, they found one that looked promising PEP005, which has already been approved by the FDA for use against skin precancers. The researchers found that PEP005 works to reduce the levels of alpha-synuclein, as well as another abnormally-abundant enzyme called protein kinase C, whose role in Parkinson's remains unclear.

The treatment looks promising, but for now its only been shown to work in mice and lab-grown cells, so it wont necessarily translate to human trials. The team plans to continue working on this, as well as figuring out how to adapt PEP005 for use in the brain at the moment, its only available as a topical gel, since it's for treating skin cancer.

The research was published in the journal Nature Medicine.

Source: Cedars-Sinai

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Study suggests Parkinson's present from birth and may be preventable - New Atlas

Skin Stem Cells Comments Off on Study suggests Parkinson’s present from birth and may be preventable – New Atlas | January 28th, 2020

In our regular feature #TheBrand, Bazaars beauty team look into an exciting and efficacious brand taking the beauty industry by storm. This time, its a doctor-backed skincare line combining luxury with lasting results.

In the past, weve happily soaked up skincare advice from celebrities, supermodels and self-appointed influencers. (In fact, weve even bought into brands created by them.) But now, those of us looking to settle down with a serious skincare regime one that promises a healthy, resilient complexion for good are rightfully turning to doctors for direction.

As we become increasingly invested in our skincare, favouring proven formulations over zeitgeisty trends, the door has been opened for a host of dermatologists, surgeons and doctors to launch their own brands. Armed with the best qualifications in the business, these experts combine ingredients knowledge with confidence, ensuring maximum potency with minimal contraindications.

The latest brand in this formidable category is MZ Skin, founded by Dr. Maryam Zamani. Not only is she a leading oculoplastic surgeon (aka eye doctor), but she's also one of London's most in-demand aesthetic doctors, working out of the Cadogan Clinic in Chelsea.

With a background in medical science, Zamani is perfectly positioned to create clinically proven products that speak to womens needs, providing a direct path to the balanced and healthy skin were all hoping to obtain. Truly understanding the actives, how they interact with the skin and what they can achieve is imperative in formulating powerful results, she says.

While most dermatologist and doctor-led brands tend to sit on the cold, clinical side of the skincare fence, MZ Skin is a visibly luxurious affair. Most of the doctor ranges now are made by men for women, which often means we lose an important aspect of skincare and wellness, explains Zamani, who treasures the sense of ritual in her own routine, seeing it as a powerful self-care tool. Taking a few moments to do something that is good for you and feels good to do has compounded positive impact.

Light-Therapy Golden Facial Treatment Device

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Replenish & Restore Placenta & Stem Cell Night Recovery Mask

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Cleanse & Clarify Dual Action AHA Cleanser & Mask

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Proven actives are, unsurprisingly, the focal point of MZ Skin here, you can find some of the most effective brightening, rejuvenating and repairing formulas around.

Expect familiar ingredients in optimum levels of potency, and always stabilised for longevity. Vitamin C, peptides, acids, ceramides, stem cells and most recently retinol form the basis. Everything is free from mineral oil, (a harmless yet useless filler ingredient), and controversial paraben preservatives.

Naturally, Zamanis Soothe & Smooth eye cream is a stand-out. Hyaluronic acid provides moisture while ceramides strengthen the skin barrier, but its the unusual addition of albazia bark extract that proves her skincare nous. Also known as Persian silk tree extract, it is said to encourage the skin to produce collagen and elastin, leading to less surface lines.

If youre looking for a quick fix, the Radiance & Renewal mask is worth a try, but the savviest shoppers will head instead for the Cleanse & Clarify cleanser. Ticking off two steps in one, it can be used nightly as a deep cleanser, or left to linger as a pre-event mask. The hefty dose of alpha-hydroxy acids sloughs away dead skin cells, leaving skin looking brighter immediately after use.

Several brands are investing in at-home LED technology now, but MZ Skins Light Therapy Golden Facial Device is one of the most advanced available outside of a professional setting, thanks to the impressive five shades of LED it emits.

Light emitting diodes send out specific wavelengths that are then absorbed by the skin," explains Zamani. Red and yellow light helps boost collagen production, while blue light kills bacteria that can lead to acne. Green LED can be absorbed by melanin in the skin to help improve the appearance of pigmentation.

But it's the inclusion of a fifth light setting that make's Zamani's device a true stand-out. White, or near-infrared light, penetrates remarkably deep into the dermis to promote wound healing and skin repair: a benefit scarcely found in at-home devices.

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Vitamin-Infused Facial Treatment Mask

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Soothe & Smooth Collagen Activating Eye Complex

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Brighten & Perfect 10% Vitamin C Corrective Serum

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Everything you need to know about MZ Skin products - harpersbazaar.com

Skin Stem Cells Comments Off on Everything you need to know about MZ Skin products – harpersbazaar.com | January 27th, 2020

LOS ANGELES Extending everyones life in a healthy fashion is one of many goals held by Peter Diamandis, a space, technology, aeronautics and medicine pioneer. But the new field known as longevity is of interest to everyone.

One hundred will be the new 60, he told his Abundance360 conference recently. The average human health span will increase by 10+ years this decade.

He, like others in Silicon Valley, believe that aging is a disease and the result of planned obsolescence, or the wearing down of, or damage to, certain critical mechanisms, sensors and functions within our bodies. Longevity research is about identifying the core problems to mitigate or reverse them.

The average human health span will increase by 10+ years this decade

Peter Diamandis

The exponential technologies of artificial intelligence, machine learning and computational heft have been harnessed, and have resulted in breakthroughs and clinical trials that are just a handful of years away from deployment on human patients. The main areas of research include: Stem cell supply restoration, regenerative medicine to regrow damaged cartilage, ligaments, tendons, bone, spinal cords and neural nerves; vaccine research against chronic diseases such as Alzheimers; and United Therapeutics that is developing technology to tackle the organ shortage for humans by genetically engineering organs grown in pigs.

New tools are accelerating the development of new, tailor-made medicines at a fraction of todays costs. Alex Zhavoronkov of Insilico Medicine told the conference that drugs take 10 years and cost $3 billion to research and 90 per cent fail. But his company can test in 46 days using human tissue, then model, design and produce in weeks with the help of advanced computing.

In regenerative medicine, advances appear to be arriving relatively soon. For instance, Diamandis asked the audience if anyone was awaiting a knee replacement operation and suggested that they might be better off postponing these until 2021 when regenerative medicine innovator, Samumed LLC in San Diego, is expected to complete phase three clinical trials of cartilage regeneration.

Samumeds founder, Osman Kibar, said his company has successfully injected a protein that activates nearby stem cells into producing new cartilage in a knee or a new disc in a spine. Preliminary success has also occurred to regenerate muscle and neural cells, retinal cells, skin and hair. Not surprisingly, the private company just raised US$15.5 billion to continue research and product development.

Another hot area of early stage research is called epigenetic reprogramming or identifying how to reverse deficiencies in proteins, stem cells, chromosomes, genes that repair DNA and damaged cells. A leader in this field is David Sinclair, professor of genetics at the Harvard Medical School, whose new book Lifespan: Why We Age and Why We Dont Have To explains the science and offers advice.

Aging is a disease, and that disease is treatable, he said. As research progresses toward actual corrections or cures, there are also lifestyle habits that can slow down the aging process, or avert damage. For instance, he said humans should replicate some behaviour that their bodies were designed for. Obviously, exercising and sleep are necessary but so is eating less often. You should feel hungry regularly, he said.

Another condition that is useful to emulate is hormesis, a scientific term for what Neitzsche posited which was that that which does not kill us makes us stronger. Sinclair recommends stressing our bodies with temperature changes such as going from a hot sauna to rolling in the snow. This invigorates the bodys processes and cells.

Theres also xenohormesis or gaining benefits from eating plants that have been environmentally stressed, therefore contain more beneficial nutrients. For instance, drought-stressed or wild strawberries have better flavour but they also are enhanced with additional antioxidant capacity and phenol content.

The age of 100 is easily in sight now, said Diamandis. And kids born today can expect to live to 105.

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Diane Francis: Treating aging like a disease is the next big thing for science - Financial Post

Skin Stem Cells Comments Off on Diane Francis: Treating aging like a disease is the next big thing for science – Financial Post | January 27th, 2020

With so many groundbreaking medical advances being revealed to the world every single day, you would imagine there would be some advancement on the plethora of many female-prevalent diseases (think female cancers, Alzheimer's, depression, heart conditions etc.) that women are fighting every single day.

For Anna Villarreal and her team, there frankly wasn't enough being done. In turn, she developed a method that diagnoses these diseases earlier than traditional methods, using a pretty untraditional method in itself: through your menstrual blood.

Getting from point A to point B wasn't so easy though. Villarreal was battling a disease herself and through that experience. I wondered if there was a way to test menstrual blood for female specific diseases," she says. "Perhaps my situation could have been prevented or at least better managed. This led me to begin researching menstrual blood as a diagnostic source. For reasons the scientific and medical community do not fully understand, certain diseases impact women differently than men. The research shows that clinical trials have a disproportionate focus on male research subjects despite clear evidence that many diseases impact more women than men."

There's also no denying that gap in women's healthcare in clinical research involving female subjects - which is exactly what inspired Villarreal to launch her company, LifeStory Health. She says that, with my personal experience everything was brought full circle."

There is a challenge and a need in the medical community for more sex-specific research. I believe the omission of females as research subjects is putting women's health at risk and we need to fuel a conversation that will improve women's healthcare.,"

-Anna Villarreal

Her brand new biotech company is committed to changing the women's healthcare market through technology, innovation and vocalization and through extensive research and testing. She is working to develop the first ever, non-invasive, menstrual blood diagnostic and has partnered with a top Boston-area University on research and has won awards from The International Society for Pharmaceutical Engineering and Northeastern University's RISE.

How does it work exactly? Proteins are discovered in menstrual blood that can quickly and easily detect, manage and track diseases in women, resulting in diseases that can be earlier detected, treated and even prevented in the first place. The menstrual blood is easy to collect and since it's a relatively unexplored diagnostic it's honestly a really revolutionary concept, too.

So far, the reactions of this innovative research has been nothing but excitement. The reactions have been incredibly positive." she shares with SWAAY. Currently, menstrual blood is discarded as bio waste, but it could carry the potential for new breakthroughs in diagnosis. When I educate women on the lack of female subjects used in research and clinical trials, they are surprised and very excited at the prospect that LifeStory Health may provide a solution and the key to early detection."

To give a doctor's input, and a little bit more of an explanation as to why this really works, Dr. Pat Salber, MD, and Founder of The Doctor Weighs In comments: researchers have been studying stem cells derived from menstrual blood for more than a decade. Stem cells are cells that have the capability of differentiating into different types of tissues. There are two major types of stem cells, embryonic and adult. Adult stem cells have a more limited differentiation potential, but avoid the ethical issues that have surrounded research with embryonic stem cells. Stem cells from menstrual blood are adult stem cells."

These stem cells are so important when it comes to new findings. Stem cells serve as the backbone of research in the field of regenerative medicine the focus which is to grow tissues, such as skin, to repair burn and other types of serious skin wounds.

A certain type of stem cell, known as mesenchymal stem cells (MenSCs) derived from menstrual blood has been found to both grow well in the lab and have the capability to differentiate in various cell types, including skin. In addition to being used to grow tissues, their properties can be studied that will elucidate many different aspects of cell function," Dr. Salber explains.

To show the outpour of support for her efforts and this major girl power research, Villarreal remarks, women are volunteering their samples happily report the arrival of their periods by giving samples to our lab announcing de-identified sample number XXX arrived today!" It's a far cry from the stereotype of when it's that time of the month."

How are these collections being done? Although it might sound odd to collect menstrual blood, plastic cups have been developed to use in the collection process. This is similar to menstrual products, called menstrual cups, that have been on the market for many years," Dr. Salber says.

Equally shocking and innovative, this might be something that becomes more common practice in the future. And according to Dr. Salber, women may be able to not only use the menstrual blood for early detection, but be able to store the stem cells from it to help treat future diseases. Companies are working to commercialize the use of menstrual blood stem cells. One company, for example, is offering a patented service to store menstrual blood stem cells for use in tissue generation if the need arises."

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Divorce as Seen Through the Eyes of a Child - SWAAY

Skin Stem Cells Comments Off on Divorce as Seen Through the Eyes of a Child – SWAAY | January 27th, 2020

When Marie Antoinette was captured during the French Revolution, her hair reportedly turned white overnight. In more recent history, former U.S. Senator John McCain experienced severe injuries as a prisoner during the Vietnam Warand lost color in his hair.

For a long time, anecdotes have connected stressful experiences with hair-graying.

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Now, for the first time, Harvard University scientists have discovered exactly how the process plays out: stress activates nerves that are part of the fight-or-flight response, which in turn cause permanent damage to pigment-regenerating stem cells in hair follicles.

The work, published inNature, details the molecular mechanisms behind the longstanding biological puzzle.

Everyone has an anecdote to share about how stress affects their body, particularly in their skin and hairthe only tissues we can see from the outside, said senior authorYa-Chieh Hsu, the Alvin and Esta Star Associate Professor of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology at Harvard. We wanted to understand if this connection is true, and if so, how stress leads to changes in diverse tissues. Hair pigmentation is such an accessible and tractable system to start with, and besides, we were genuinely curious to see if stress indeed leads to hair-graying.

Fingering the culprit

Because stress affects the whole body, researchers first had to narrow down which body system was responsible for connecting stress to hair color. The team first hypothesized that stress causes an immune attack on pigment-producing cells. However, when mice lacking immune cells still showed hair-graying, researchers turned to the hormone cortisol. Once more, it was a dead end.

Stress always elevates levels of the hormone cortisol in the body, so we thought that cortisol might play a role, Hsu said. But surprisingly, when we removed the adrenal gland from the mice so that they couldnt produce cortisol-like hormones, their hair still turned gray under stress.

After systematically eliminating different possibilities, researchers homed in on the sympathetic nervous system, which is responsible for the bodys fight-or-flight response.

Sympathetic nerves branch out into each hair follicle on the skin. The researchers found that stress causes these nerves to release the chemical norepinephrine, which gets taken up by nearby pigment-regenerating stem cells.

Permanent damage

In the hair follicle, certain stem cells act as a reservoir of pigment-producing cells. When hair regenerates, some of the stem cells convert into pigment-producing cells that color the hair.

Researchers found that the norepinephrine from sympathetic nerves causes the stem cells to activate excessively. The stem cells all convert into pigment-producing cells, prematurely depleting the reservoir.

When we started to study this, I expected that stress was bad for the body, but the detrimental impact of stress that we discovered was beyond what I imagined, Hsu said. After just a few days, all of the pigment-regenerating stem cells were lost. Once theyre gone, you cant regenerate pigments anymore. The damage is permanent.

The finding underscores the negative side effects of an otherwise protective evolutionary response, the researchers said.

Acute stress, particularly the fight-or-flight response, has been traditionally viewed to be beneficial for an animals survival. But in this case, acute stress causes permanent depletion of stem cells, said postdoctoral fellow Bing Zhang, the lead author of the study.

Answering a fundamental question

To connect stress with hair-graying, the researchers started with a whole-body response and progressively zoomed into individual organ systems, cell-to-cell interaction and, eventually, all the way down to molecular dynamics. The process required a variety of research tools along the way, including methods to manipulate organs, nerves and cell receptors.

To go from the highest level to the smallest detail, we collaborated with many scientists across a wide range of disciplines, using a combination of different approaches to solve a very fundamental biological question, Zhang said.

One of the study collaborators wasIsaac Chiu, assistant professor of immunology in the Blavatnik Institute at Harvard Medical School, who studies the interplay between the nervous and immune systems.

We know that peripheral neurons powerfully regulate organ function, blood vessels and immunity, but less is known about how they regulate stem cells, Chiu said.With this study, we now know that neurons can control stem cells and their function and can explain how they interact at the cellular and molecular levels to link stress with hair-graying.

The findings can help illuminate the broader effects of stress on various organs and tissues. This understanding will pave the way for new studies that seek to modify or block the damaging effects of stress.

By understanding precisely how stress affects stem cells that regenerate pigment, weve laid the groundwork for understanding how stress affects other tissues and organs in the body, Hsu said. Understanding how our tissues change under stress is the first critical step towards eventual treatment that can halt or revert the detrimental impact of stress. We still have a lot to learn in this area.

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Monday, January 27, 2020

Cancer patients could be treated with a one-size-fits-all therapy, following the discovery of an immune cell which kills all forms of the disease.

Researchers at Cardiff University have found a new type of killer T-cell, capable of recognising and destroying most human cancers while preserving healthy cells. The scientists discovered a method of killing prostate, breast, lung and other cancers in lab tests and say there is enormous potential for immunotherapies not previously thought to be possible.

Cardiff Universitys cancer findings came from scientists looking for unconventional ways in which the immune system naturally attacks tumours. They found, inside human blood, a T-cell that can scan the body for a threat, such as cancerous cells, and eliminate the danger while leaving healthy cells alone. The team described the work as at an early stage, but exciting.

T-cell cancer therapies are where immune cells are removed, modified and returned to the patients blood to seek and destroy cancer cells. The most widely-used, known as CAR-T, is personalised to the patient but combats only a handful of cancers and has not been successful in eliminating solid tumours - which account for the vast majority of cancers.

The Cardiff teams discovery involves a new type of T-cell receptor (TCR), which recognises a molecule present on the surface of a wide range of cancer cells as well as in many of the bodys normal cells and is, remarkably, able to distinguish between the two. In tests, T-cells equipped with the new TCR killed lung, skin, blood, colon, breast, bone, prostate, ovarian, kidney and cervical cancer cells.

Professor Andrew Sewell, the lead author on the study and an expert in T-cells from Cardiff Universitys School of Medicine, said it was highly unusual to find a TCR with such broad cancer specificity, raising the prospect of universal cancer therapy.

Prof Sewell said: We hope this new TCR may provide us with a different route to target and destroy a wide range of cancers in all individuals. Current TCR-based therapies can only be used in a minority of patients with a minority of cancers.

Cancer-targeting via MR1-restricted T-cells is an exciting new frontier - it raises the prospect of a one-size-fits-all cancer treatment; a single type of T-cell that could be capable of destroying many different types of cancers across the population. Previously nobody believed this could be possible.

Further experiments and safety testing are now underway, with the hope of trialling this new approach in patients towards the end of 2020. Prof Sewell added: There are plenty of hurdles to overcome; however, if this testing is successful, then I would hope this new treatment could be in use in patients in a few years time.

Cancer is the leading cause of all avoidable deaths in the UK. Breast cancer is the most common, followed jointly by prostate and lung cancer and then by bowel cancer. Obesity is now a bigger cause than smoking of some cancers, namely bowel, kidney, liver and ovarian cancer.

According to financial information business Defaqto*, 38 out of 51 health insurance products include cancer cover, with benefits ranging from breakthrough treatment not otherwise available on the NHS to hormone therapy, reconstructive surgery and stem cell therapy. To find the right cancer cover for your family, use our online comparison tool or speak with our team on 0800 862 0373.

Photo:Cardiff Universitys Professor Andrew Sewell, left, with Research Fellow Garry Dolton.

Credit: Cardiff University

* Data sourced on January 2, 2020.

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Sorry Mom and Dad: It turns out you might not have been exaggerating when you told us your children made your hair turn gray.

Stress may play a key role in just how quickly hair goes from colored to ashen, a study published this past week in the journal Nature suggests.

Scientists have long understood some link is possible between stress and gray hair, but this new research from Harvard University in Massachusetts more deeply probes the exact mechanisms at play.

The researchers initial tests looked closely at cortisol, the stress hormone that surges in the body when a person experiences a fight or flight response.

Its an important bodily function, but the long-term presence of heightened cortisol is linked to a host of negative health outcomes.

But the culprit ended up being a different part of the bodys fight or flight response the sympathetic nervous system.

These nerves are all over the body, including making inroads to each hair follicle, the researchers reported.

Chemicals released during the stress response specifically norepinephrine causes pigment producing stem cells to activate prematurely, depleting the hairs reserves of color.

The detrimental impact of stress that we discovered was beyond what I imagined, Ya-Chieh Hsu, PhD, a lead study author and an associate professor of stem cell and regenerative biology at Harvard, said in a press release. After just a few days, all of the pigment-regenerating stem cells were lost. Once theyre gone, you cant regenerate pigments anymore. The damage is permanent.

But stress isnt the only or even the primary reason that most people get gray hair.

In most cases, its simple genetics.

Gray hair is caused by loss of melanocytes (pigment cells) in the hair follicle. This happens as we age and, unfortunately, there is no treatment that can restore these cells and the pigment they produce, melanin, Dr. Lindsey A. Bordone, a dermatologist at ColumbiaDoctors and an assistant professor of dermatology at Columbia University Medical Center in New York, told Healthline. Genetic factors determine when you go gray. There is nothing that can be done medically to prevent this from happening when it is genetically predetermined to happen.

That doesnt mean environmental factors such as stress dont play a role.

Smoking, for instance, is a known risk factor for premature graying, according to a 2013 study. So kick the habit if you want to keep that color a little longer.

Other contributing factors to premature graying include deficiencies in protein, vitamin B-12, copper, and iron as well as aging due in part to an accumulation of oxidative stress.

That stress is prompted by an imbalance between free radicals and antioxidants in your body that can damage tissue, proteins, and DNA, Kasey Nichols, NMD, an Arizona physician and a health expert at Rave Reviews, told Healthline.

And some degree of oxidative stress is a natural part of life.

We would expect increasing gray hair as we advance in age, and we see about a 10 percent increase in the chance of developing gray hair for every decade after age 30, Nichols said.

Changes you can pursue to delay premature grays include eating a diet high in omega-3 fatty acids such as walnuts and fatty fish, not spending too much time in the skin-damaging and hair-damaging ultraviolet light of the sun, and taking vitamin B-12 and vitamin B-6 supplements.

That said, if you are going gray prematurely, it wouldnt hurt to go have a checkup just in case natural genetic factors arent the sole culprit.

The new Harvard research is only a mouse study, so replicating the same results in a human study would be necessary to strengthen the findings.

But the Harvard research has implications far beyond graying hair, with the hair color change merely one obvious sign of other internal changes as a result of prolonged stress.

By understanding precisely how stress affects stem cells that regenerate pigment, weve laid the groundwork for understanding how stress affects other tissues and organs in the body, said Hsu. Understanding how our tissues change under stress is the first critical step towards eventual treatment that can halt or revert the detrimental impact of stress.

Might that also mean someday halting and reverting the march of premature gray hair? Its too soon to tell.

We still have a lot to learn in this area, Hsu said.

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If you havent chanced upon a gua sha stone facial or a jade roller video on your social media, are you even on it? The ancient Chinese technique of face massaging is gaining traction thanks to beauty bloggers sharing their basic kneads. If you have stumbled upon these videos but have no clue whats going on, read on. Dermatologist Dr Nirupama Parwanda says that the basics come from traditional Chinese wisdom: improper blood circulation and stagnant blood flow is one of the main reasons behind various diseases. To improve circulation and drain toxins, you can try jade rollers and gua sha an alternative therapy that involves massaging your skin using special tools. Parwanda says, Our bodies have a source of energy known as chi flowing through it. And to ensure good health and prosperity, we must balance it. Dr Rinky Kapoor, dermatologist and dermato-surgeon, explains, Both rollers and gua sha are made of stones such as quartz, jade, rose quartz and amethyst known for their healing properties. Gua sha is also known as coining, skin scrapping or pressure stroking. FLOW AND GLOWBoth work on the principle of improving blood flow under the skin and enhancing lymphatic drainage. This helps carry the oxygen to the skin cells, which in turn makes the skin tissues healthy, and reduces fine lines and wrinkles. Parwanda says that gua sha is also called natural botox as it helps in controlling signs of ageing. The proven benefits are: pain reduction in muscles and joints; reduction in perimenopause symptoms like anxiety, insomnia, hot flashes; improved blood circulation, removal of toxins. It also treats musculoskeletal disorders and reduces wrinkles.

TOO GOOD TO BE TRUE?Kapoor cautions that just looking at videos online doesnt mean you know the proper way to use it. You need to follow the process to reap the maximum benefits. Also, theres not one simple process for both jade roller and gua sha. Think of it as driving while the basics of accelerator, brake and clutch remain the same, driving styles are different, she says. Start both facials from the neck and then move upwards and with upward strokes. Rollers are simpler to use as you can just start massaging on the outward and upward direction from one point, except for the neck, where the massaging motion is downwards. Gua sha facials require more technique. Tip: you can learn from a practitioner.

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Marie Antoinette's hair suddenly turned white before the ill-fated French queen was taken to the guillotine to have her head chopped off, according to some historical accounts.

More modern reports refer to hair turning prematurely white in survivors of bomb attacks during World War II, while an Australian airline pilot saw his hair go grey in the months after landing a plane following a failure of all four engines in the early 1980s.

While there's been plenty of anecdotal evidence suggesting premature greying can be caused by extreme stress -- whether this is true and how this happens isn't widely understood.

Now, Harvard University scientists think they have the answer -- at least in mice.

The group of researchers believe it's down to the animal's sympathetic nervous system -- which is best known for activating our "fight or flight" response to danger, they say.

"Under stress, our sympathetic nerve becomes highly activated," said Ya-Chieh Hsu, associate professor of stem cell and regenerative biology at Harvard, in an email. "And actually, activation of the sympathetic nervous system under stress is supposed to be a good thing."

Its activation triggers the "fight or flight" response through the neurotransmitter norepinephrine, or noradrenaline, explained Hsu, a senior author of the study published Wednesday in the scientific journal Nature. "Noradrenaline raises our heartbeat and allows us to react quickly to danger without having to think about it," he said.

"However, it is the same noradrenaline that turns out to be bad for melanocyte stem cells at a high level, and triggers their loss."

Melanocyte stem cells are found in hair follicles and determine hair colour. In people, the pool of these cells deplete as they age, turning hair grey as pigment depletes. Their loss from excessive noradrenaline could be causing this to happen prematurely, the team suggest.

Loss of pigment

The team had thought that acute stress might trigger an immune attack on pigment-producing stem cells or that the blame lied with the hormone cortisol because cortisol levels are elevated under stress. Hsu said they went through many different possibilities before focusing on the sympathetic nervous system.

"We were really surprised to find that it was the culprit, because it is normally seen as a beneficial system, or at least transient and reversible," she said.

The team put mice under three different types of stress through what Hsu described as established standard protocols. These included a single injection of a chemical to activate the mouse's pain fiber, cage tilting and rapid changes between light and dark.

Changes were observed in all mice but there was some variability, with white hair only coming out after all the stem cells are gone.

"Some hair follicles have reduced levels of melanocyte stem cells so they can still make pigment, while others have lost all stem cells and can't make pigment anymore, so the hair becomes white," she said.

Pigment-producing stem cells and the sympathetic nervous system are very similar in mice and humans, explained Hsu who was hopeful that the mechanisms would be related. But future studies would be needed to provide definitive evidence, she said.

"Everyone has an anecdote to share about how stress affects their body, particularly in their skin and hair the only tissues we can see from the outside," Hsu said in a news release.

"We wanted to understand if this connection is true, and if so, how stress leads to changes in diverse tissues. Hair pigmentation is such an accessible and tractable system to start with and besides, we were genuinely curious to see if stress indeed leads to hair greying."

Hsu said the findings may also help shed light on the effects of stress on various organs and tissues, and pave the way for new studies that seek to modify or block the damaging effects of stress.

In an accompanying article, Shayla Clark and Christopher Deppmann, researchers from the Neuroscience Graduate Program at the University of Virginia, who were not involved in the study, said it was interesting to consider what possible evolutionary advantage might be conferred by stress-induced greying.

"Because grey hair is most often linked to age, it could be associated with experience, leadership and trust. Perhaps an animal that has endured enough stress to 'earn' grey hair has a higher place in the social order than would ordinarily be conferred by that individual's age," they wrote.

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Everyone sheds about 100 hairs each day as part of the normal hair growth cycle, but excess loss is usually a distressing development.(iStock)

Hair loss is typically considered the domain of aging men, but this equal-opportunity condition which has many causes can affect virtually anyone.

Alopecia is the medical term for hair loss, and it doesnt only happen on the scalp. Some illnesses and medications can trigger balding over the entire body, though genetics account for most cases on the head, according to theCleveland Clinic.

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Everyone sheds about 100 hairs each day as part of the normal hair growth cycle, but excess loss is usually a distressing development. Americans spend more than $3.5 billion each year trying to treat it, according to theAmerican Hair Loss Association.

Most peoples hair grows about a half-inch per month, and about 90 percentof your hair is actively growing at any given time, with the other 10 percentin dormant phase. After two or three months, this dormant hair falls out and its follicles begin growing new hair as other follicles begin a dormant phase.

Shedding hair is different from hair loss, when a hair falls out and doesnt grow back. People often shed hair during stressful events, such aschildbirth, a breakup or divorce or during times of grief.

It still doesnt feel good, and it takes the hair [awhile] to reach a certain length where you perceive its presence, said Doris Day, a board-certified dermatologist New York City and an attending physician at Lenox Hill Hospital, also in New York. So it feels like a hair loss, but its not a hair loss.

Aside from heredity, noticeable hair loss can be caused by wide variety of factors, including:

Harsh hairstyles or treatments: Hairstyles that consistently use rubber bands, rollers or barrettes, or pull hair into tight styles such as cornrows, can inflame and scar hair follicles. So can incorrectly used chemical products such as dyes, bleaches, straighteners or permanent wave solutions. Depending on the degree of damage, resulting hair loss can be permanent.

Hormone imbalances: In women, hormonal shifts from birth control pills,pregnancy, childbirth, menopause or hysterectomy can induce more hair follicles than normal to enter the dormant phase.

Illness or surgery: The stress from sickness or surgery may prompt the body to temporarily cease nonessential tasks such as hair production. Specific conditions can also trigger it, including thyroid disorders,syphilis, iron deficiency,lupusor severe infection. An autoimmune condition called alopecia areata, which has no cure, causes rapid body-wide hair loss.

Medications and vitamins: Cancer chemotherapy, which attacks hair follicles in its attempt to kill all fast-growing cells around the body, is a well-known reason for hair loss. Other medications side effects include hair shedding as well, such as some that treat high blood pressure andgout(a painful joint condition caused by a buildup of uric acid). Excessive levels of vitamin A also contribute.

Nutritional deficits: Heavy dieting or eating disorders such asbulimiaandanorexiacan temporarily stun hair follicles to cease growth. This can also occur from insufficient protein, vitamin or mineral intake.

Aging: A natural effect of growing older is slowed hair growth.

Women usually dont go completely bald, but lose hair on the top of the head or the temples. Men tend to lose hair on their temples, and are more likely than women to go completely bald, Day said.

Dermatologists will examine the persons scalp and take a history of medical or stressful events to see whats been going on in their life and their world, Day said.

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The dermatologist may take a biopsy a small patch of skin that includes the hair follicle and send it to a pathologist to determine if an autoimmune disease, such as lupus, is the cause of the hair loss.

Examining the hair and follicle can also determine whether someone has a bacterial or fungal infection, Day said.

Hair loss remedies range from the mild to the extreme and the inexpensive to the costly. Much depends on how much hair is gone and how high a priority it is to mask its absence or replace it.

According to the Cleveland Clinic, treatments include:

Hair weaves or wigs: Typically expensive, wigs and hair weaves either completely cover the head or add to existing hair, restoring the appearance of a full head of hair. They are especially practical for cancer patients and those whose hair loss is temporary.

Topical creams and lotions: Over-the-counter minoxidil (also known as the brand name Rogaine) can restore some hair growth, especially in those with hereditary hair loss. It is applied directly to the scalp. Prescription-strength finasteride (Propecia) comes in pill form and is only for men. According to theAmerican Academy of Family Physicians(AFP), it may take up to six months to tell if these medications are working.

Anti-inflammatory medications: Prescription steroid-based creams or injections can calm follicles damaged or inflamed by harsh chemicals or excessive pulling.

Surgery: Men tend to be better candidates for surgical hair-replacement techniques because their hair loss is often limited to one or two areas of the scalp. Procedures include grafting, which transplants from one to 15 hairs per disc-shaped graft to other locations. Scalp reduction removes bald skin from the scalp so hair-covered scalp can be stretched to fill in the bald areas. Side effects include swelling, bruising and headaches.

Hair-growth laser treatment can also help stimulate hair follicles and improve growth, Day said. People often see results when they combine laser treatment with another intervention, she said. Treatments range in price from $30 and up for Rogaine to about $3,000 for laser treatment, she added.

According to theNational Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases(NIAMSD), alternative therapies may not help hair regrow and many are not supported by medical research. However, other treatments that reportedly improve alopecia areata include Chinese herbs, acupuncture, zinc and vitamin supplements, evening primrose oil and aroma therapy.

Viviscal, a natural supplement, has also shownmore hair growthin men compared to those who took fish extract in clinical trials, Day said.

The NIAMSD recommends discussing any alternative treatments with physicians before use.

The drug Tofacitinib is approved to treat adults witharthritis, but a growing number of cases suggest that it can also treat alopecia universalis, a condition in which people lose all of the hair on their body because theirimmune systemattacks hair follicles,Live Science previously reported.

The finding occurred after doctors prescribed a 25-year-old man with alopecia universalis the drug because they had heard it had treated a similar condition in mice,according to a statement from Yale University. After three months of treatment, the man had completely regrown the hair on his scalp, and he had visible eyebrows, eyelashes, facial hair, as well as hair elsewhere on his body.

Its exciting, said Day, who did not treat this particular patient. There seems to be a real effect here.

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Its unclear how Tofacitinib (brand name Xeljanz) works, but researchers hope to determine its mechanism soon. This data may help them learn which biological pathways lead to hair loss.

There are now clinical trials taking place around the country to test the safety and efficacy of the drug for hair loss conditions. One such study lasting 3 months gave Tofacitinib to 66 people with alopecia areata (an immune system condition that causes hair to fall out in patches). Half of the people regrew some hair, and one-third had more than 50 percentof the hair on their scalp grow back, according to the 2016 study, published in the journalJCI Insight.

However, researchers are still working to determine the best dose needed, whether the results are lasting, and whether they can develop a topical form of the drug, Day said. She added that patients should be aware that Tofacitinib has side effects. Its already associated with an increased risk of serious infections, as well as stomach and intestinal tears, according to Pfizer, the manufacturer.

Besides investigating Tofacitinib, researchers are also looking at ways to clone hair or use stem cell therapy to treat alopecia, Day said.

This article first appeared on LiveScience.

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