The Global Stem Cell Therapy Market report, published by Verified Market Research, is an extensive compilation of the essential aspects of the global Stem Cell Therapy market, assessed thoroughly by our team of researchers. The market intelligence report offers insightful data and information relevant to the market to acquaint the readers with the lucrative growth prospects existing in this industry, eventually helping them formulate effective business strategies. The global Stem Cell Therapy market report has been methodically curated using industry-verified data to offer information concerned with the leading manufacturers and suppliers engaged in this sector. It further focuses on their pricing analysis, gross revenue, product portfolio, sales network & distribution channels, profit margins, and financial standing.

Global Stem Cell Therapy Market was valued at USD 117.66 million in 2019 and is projected to reach USD 255.37 million by 2027, growing at a CAGR of 10.97% from 2020 to 2027.

The global Stem Cell Therapy market is highly consolidated due to the presence of a large number of companies across this industry. The report discusses the current market standing of these companies, their past performances, demand and supply graphs, production and consumption patterns, sales network, distribution channels, and growth opportunities in the market. Moreover, it highlights the strategic approaches of the key players towards expanding their product offerings and reinforcing their market presence.

The report covers extensive analysis of the key market players in the market, along with their business overview, expansion plans, and strategies. The key players studied in the report include:

The report further sheds light on the various strategic business initiatives undertaken by the key market contenders to fortify their foothold in this business sector. These strategies majorly include mergers & acquisitions, partnerships & collaborations, joint ventures, government and corporate deals, brand promotions, new product launches, and numerous others. In the later part of the report, the major components of the Stem Cell Therapy industry, such as product type, application gamut, end-use industries, and the solutions and services offered by the leading manufacturers, have been analyzed. Numerical data and subjective information pertaining to each market segment have been featured in the report for better understanding.

Therefore, the latest research document includes competitive analysis, key market players, crucial industry-related facts & figures, sales revenue, product prices, gross margins, market shares, business strategies, dominant regions, and key developments.

1.Stem Cell Therapy Market, By Cell Source:

Adipose Tissue-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells Bone Marrow-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells Cord Blood/Embryonic Stem Cells Other Cell Sources

2.Stem Cell Therapy Market, By Therapeutic Application:

Musculoskeletal Disorders Wounds and Injuries Cardiovascular Diseases Surgeries Gastrointestinal Diseases Other Applications

3.Stem Cell Therapy Market, By Type:

Allogeneic Stem Cell Therapy Market, By Application Musculoskeletal Disorders Wounds and Injuries Surgeries Acute Graft-Versus-Host Disease (AGVHD) Other Applications Autologous Stem Cell Therapy Market, By Application Cardiovascular Diseases Wounds and Injuries Gastrointestinal Diseases Other Applications

Request a discount on the report @ https://www.verifiedmarketresearch.com/ask-for-discount/?rid=24113

The report encompasses the significant effects of the coronavirus pandemic on the Stem Cell Therapy market and its key segments. The report offers a vivid picture of the current market scenario, closely investigating the impact of the pandemic on this specific business sphere, its leading players, supply chains, distribution channels, and its global scenario. The pandemic has affected the global industry extensively, subsequently disrupting the Stem Cell Therapy market mechanism. Furthermore, the research study examines the Stem Cell Therapy market and the recent disruptive changes in the business setting that followed the outbreak. Also, the future effects of the pandemic on the market have been assessed in the report.

Key Geographies Encompassed in the Report:

North America (U.S., Canada)Europe (U.K., Germany, Italy, France, Rest of EU)Asia Pacific (India, Japan, China, Australia, Rest of APAC)Latin America (Brazil, Argentina, Rest of Latin America)Middle East & Africa (Saudi Arabia, U.A.E., South Africa, Rest of MEA)

Market Taxonomy:

Chapter 1: Methodology & Scope

Definition and forecast parametersMethodology and forecast parametersData Sources

Chapter 2: Executive Summary

Business trendsRegional trendsProduct trends

Chapter 3: Industry Insights

Industry segmentationIndustry landscapeVendor matrixTechnological and innovation landscape

Chapter 4: Regional Landscape

Chapter 5: Competitive Outlook

Company ProfileBusiness OverviewFinancial DataProduct LandscapeStrategic Outlook

To read more about the report, visit @ https://www.verifiedmarketresearch.com/product/Stem-Cell-Therapy-Market/

Advantages of the Stem Cell Therapy Market Report:

The report offers a clear description of the global Stem Cell Therapy market, containing the current market growth inclinations and future estimations to help businesses identify the potential investment areas.

The report covers the major market growth drivers, and constraints, alongside an extensive COVID-19 impact analysis.

The all-inclusive market feasibility reveals the profit-making trends to obtain a powerful foothold in the Stem Cell Therapy industry.

The SWOT analysis and Porters Five Forces Analysis explicate the effectiveness of the customers and providers from a global perspective.

About us:

Verified Market Research is a leading Global Research and Consulting firm servicing over 5000+ customers. Verified Market Research provides advanced analytical research solutions while offering information enriched research studies. We offer insight into strategic and growth analyses, Data necessary to achieve corporate goals, and critical revenue decisions.

Our 250 Analysts and SMEs offer a high level of expertise in data collection and governance use industrial techniques to collect and analyze data on more than 15,000 high impact and niche markets. Our analysts are trained to combine modern data collection techniques, superior research methodology, expertise, and years of collective experience to produce informative and accurate research.

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Stem Cell Therapy Market To Exceed Revenues Worth US$ By The End Of 2020 2027 - Eurowire

Bone Marrow Stem Cells Comments Off on Stem Cell Therapy Market To Exceed Revenues Worth US$ By The End Of 2020 2027 – Eurowire | November 3rd, 2020

The potential of gene therapies as cures for some hard-to-treat genetic diseases can be very attractive. But one such product is now suspected of causing a serious safety problem.

Friday, Orchard Therapeutics said its Strimvelis treatment, approved by European authorities in 2016 to treatthe rare inherited condition ADA-SCID, has been linked to a patients leukemia.

Preliminary findings suggest this diagnosis may be attributable to an insertional event related to treatment with Strimvelis, the company said. Its now investigating whether theres indeed a causal relationship.

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Since its 2016 EU approvalwhen it was owned by original developer GlaxoSmithKlineonly 16 patients have been treated with Stimvelis. The patient who developed leukemia had apparently been treated under a GSK compassionate use program in 2016.

No more patients will get the therapy before the investigation is complete, Orchard said. The drug was never approved in the U.S.

ADA-SCIDis a condition marked by a mutation in the gene making the adenosine deaminase (ADA) enzyme, which is essential for maintaining normal white blood cells. ADA-SCID patients, with a dysfunctional immune system, have less than two years to live without effective intervention.

RELATED:Orchard licenses gene therapy tech from GSK

Strimvelis, originally developed by GSK and bought by Orchard in 2018, offers an option for patients who cant find a matched stem cell donor. It works by editing the patients own hematopoietic stem cells with the functional ADA gene. The cells arethen transferred back into the patient's bone marrow to mature and produce the normal ADA protein.

The therapy uses a gammaretrovirus as the vector to carry the gene. Problem is, retrovirus can incorporate their own genetic information into the human genome, causing unintended changes that can give rise to cancer. It is a known risk factor of gammaretroviral vector-based gene therapy and has been described as one of the important potential risks for Strimvelis in its EU approval.

Besides Strimvelis, Orchard is also developing OTL-101, which uses a lentivirus to insert a functional copy of the ADA gene into a patients cells. The drug is currently undergoing a registrational trial and has won breakthrough and orphan drug designations from the FDA.

All the gene therapy candidates in Orchards pipeline use lentiviral vectors that have been specifically designed to avoid insertional oncogenesis after administration, Orchard said, adding that no dangerous gene insertion has been reported around lentiviral vector-based stem cell gene therapy in any indication.

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Orchard Therapeutics' gene therapy Strimvelis linked to a leukemia case - FiercePharma

Bone Marrow Stem Cells Comments Off on Orchard Therapeutics’ gene therapy Strimvelis linked to a leukemia case – FiercePharma | November 3rd, 2020

TEL AVIV, Israel, Oct. 30, 2020 /PRNewswire/ -- BioLineRx Ltd. (NASDAQ: BLRX) (TASE: BLRX), a clinical-stage biopharmaceutical company focused on oncology, today announced positive results from a planned interim analysis of the ongoing GENESIS Phase 3 trial of motixafortide for stem cell mobilization (SCM) in multiple myeloma patients.

At a meeting of the study's independent Data Monitoring Committee (DMC), a planned interim analysis of the study's primary endpoint was conducted independently by the DMC. Based on the statistically significant evidence favoring treatment with motixafortide, the DMC issued a recommendation to the Company that patient enrollment may be ceased immediately, without the need to recruit all 177 patients originally planned for the study.

In accordance with the DMC's recommendation, study enrollment is now complete at 122 patients. Full results for the study, including secondary and exploratory efficacy endpoints, as well as extended safety data, will be announced after the last patient enrolled reaches 100 days of follow-up post-transplantation, which is expected to occur in the first half of 2021.

"The compelling results of this planned interim analysis are a very significant milestone for our Company, as our SCM program is the Company's most efficient path to registration for motixafortide," stated Philip Serlin, Chief Executive Officer of BioLineRx. "Stem cell mobilization represents a significant unmet medical need in multiple myeloma, as between 50% and 70% of patients are poor mobilizers. We eagerly await the final results of the study, expected in the first half of next year, which we hope will support our goal of changing the treatment paradigm in autologous stem-cell mobilization, thus positioning motixafortide in combination with G-CSF as the new standard of care in this indication."

The GENESIS trial was initiated in December 2017. GENESIS is a randomized, placebo-controlled, multicenter study, evaluating the safety, tolerability and efficacy of motixafortide and G-CSF, compared to placebo and G-CSF, for the mobilization of HSCs for autologous transplantation in multiple myeloma patients. The primary objective of the study is to demonstrate that only one dose of motixafortide on top of G-CSF is superior to G-CSF alone in the ability to mobilize 6x106 CD34+ cells in up to two apheresis sessions. Secondary objectives include time to engraftment of neutrophils and platelets and durability of engraftment, as well as other efficacy and safety parameters.

About BioLineRx

BioLineRx Ltd. (NASDAQ/TASE: BLRX) is a late clinical-stage biopharmaceutical company focused on oncology. The Company's business model is to in-license novel compounds, develop them through clinical stages, and then partner with pharmaceutical companies for further clinical development and/or commercialization.

The Company's lead program, motixafortide (BL-8040), is a cancer therapy platform currently being evaluated in a Phase 2a study for the treatment of pancreatic cancer in combination with KEYTRUDA and chemotherapy under a collaboration agreement with MSD. Motixafortide is also being evaluated in a Phase 2b study in consolidation AML and a Phase 3 study in stem cell mobilization for autologous bone-marrow transplantation.

BioLineRx is developing a second oncology program, AGI-134, an immunotherapy treatment for multiple solid tumors that is currently being investigated in a Phase 1/2a study.

For additional information on BioLineRx, please visit the Company's website at http://www.biolinerx.com, where you can review the Company's SEC filings, press releases, announcements and events. BioLineRx industry updates are also regularly updated on Facebook,Twitter, and LinkedIn.

Various statements in this release concerning BioLineRx's future expectations constitute "forward-looking statements" within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. These statements include words such as "may," "expects," "anticipates," "believes," and "intends," and describe opinions about future events. These forward-looking statements involve known and unknown risks and uncertainties that may cause the actual results, performance or achievements of BioLineRx to be materially different from any future results, performance or achievements expressed or implied by such forward-looking statements. Factors that could cause BioLineRx's actual results to differ materially from those expressed or implied in such forward-looking statements include, but are not limited to: the initiation, timing, progress and results of BioLineRx's preclinical studies, clinical trials and other therapeutic candidate development efforts; BioLineRx's ability to advance its therapeutic candidates into clinical trials or to successfully complete its preclinical studies or clinical trials; BioLineRx's receipt of regulatory approvals for its therapeutic candidates, and the timing of other regulatory filings and approvals; the clinical development, commercialization and market acceptance of BioLineRx's therapeutic candidates; BioLineRx's ability to establish and maintain corporate collaborations; BioLineRx's ability to integrate new therapeutic candidates and new personnel; the interpretation of the properties and characteristics of BioLineRx's therapeutic candidates and of the results obtained with its therapeutic candidates in preclinical studies or clinical trials; the implementation of BioLineRx's business model and strategic plans for its business and therapeutic candidates; the scope of protection BioLineRx is able to establish and maintain for intellectual property rights covering its therapeutic candidates and its ability to operate its business without infringing the intellectual property rights of others; estimates of BioLineRx's expenses, future revenues, capital requirements and its needs for additional financing; risks related to changes in healthcare laws, rules and regulations in the United States or elsewhere; competitive companies, technologies and BioLineRx's industry; risks related to the coronavirus outbreak; and statements as to the impact of the political and security situation in Israel on BioLineRx's business. These and other factors are more fully discussed in the "Risk Factors" section of BioLineRx's most recent annual report on Form 20-F filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on March 12, 2020. In addition, any forward-looking statements represent BioLineRx's views only as of the date of this release and should not be relied upon as representing its views as of any subsequent date. BioLineRx does not assume any obligation to update any forward-looking statements unless required by law.

Contact:

Tim McCarthy LifeSci Advisors, LLC +1-212-915-2564 [emailprotected]

or

Moran Meir LifeSci Advisors, LLC +972-54-476-4945 [emailprotected]

SOURCE BioLineRx Ltd.

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BioLineRx Announces Positive Results from Interim Analysis of GENESIS Phase 3 Trial of Motixafortide (BL-8040) in Stem Cell Mobilization - PRNewswire

Bone Marrow Stem Cells Comments Off on BioLineRx Announces Positive Results from Interim Analysis of GENESIS Phase 3 Trial of Motixafortide (BL-8040) in Stem Cell Mobilization – PRNewswire | November 3rd, 2020

Libmeldy TM Receives Positive CHMP Opinion for the Treatment of Early-Onset Metachromatic Leukodystrophy (MLD); U.S. IND Application on Track for Year End 2020

Cash and Investments of More Than $200M and Runway into 2022

Frontotemporal dementia (FTD) and Crohns Disease Preclinical Programs to be Featured in Virtual R&D Event on November 13, 2020

BOSTON and LONDON, Nov. 03, 2020 (GLOBE NEWSWIRE) -- Orchard Therapeutics (Nasdaq: ORTX), a global gene therapy leader, today reviewed recent business accomplishments and reported financial results for the quarter ended September 30, 2020.

The positive CHMP opinion we received last month for Libmeldy in the EU represents a proud moment for Orchard and offers a potentially transformative therapy for early-onset MLD patients and their families, said Bobby Gaspar, M.D., Ph.D., chief executive officer, Orchard Therapeutics. We are looking forward to many exciting developments for this program and the rest of our pipeline in the coming months, including our November investor event which will highlight our work in conditions with larger patient populations such as FTD and Crohns disease.

Recent Corporate Achievements

Planned Corporate Milestones

Seek regenerative medicine advanced therapy (RMAT) designation and file an investigational new drug (IND) application in U.S. by year-end 2020

Third Quarter 2020 Financial Results

Revenue from product sales of Strimvelis were $2.0 million for the third quarter of 2020 compared to $1.9 million in the same period in 2019, and cost of product sales were $0.7 million for the third quarter of 2020 compared to $0.6 million in the same period in 2019.

Research and development (R&D) expenses were $14.7 million for the third quarter of 2020 compared to $28.5 million in the same period in 2019. R&D expenses include the costs of clinical trials and preclinical work on the companys portfolio of investigational gene therapies, as well as costs related to regulatory, manufacturing, license fees and milestone payments under the companys agreements with third parties, and personnel costs to support these activities. The decline in R&D expenses is primarily attributable to the companys U.K. research and development tax credits, which are recorded as an offset to R&D expense. During the third quarter of 2020, the company recorded tax credits of $10.1 million as compared to $2.7 million in the same period in 2019. Further, the company has realized savings associated with an updated strategy and corporate restructuring previously announced in May 2020, including the consolidation of its R&D sites.

Selling, general and administrative expenses were $13.0 million for the third quarter of 2020 compared to $14.2 million in the same period in 2019. The decline was primarily due to lower administrative and corporate expenses as compared to the prior period, primarily resulting from the May 2020 corporate restructuring.

Net loss was $20.3 million for the third quarter of 2020 compared to $36.7 million in the same period in 2019. The lower net loss compared to the same period in 2019 is a result of the higher U.K. research and development tax credits, the savings associated with an updated strategic plan and corporate restructuring, and $5.5 million in other income primarily attributable to unrealized foreign currency gains in the quarter. The company had 97.7 million ordinary shares outstanding as of September 30, 2020.

Cash, cash equivalents and investments as of September 30, 2020, were $201.3 million compared to $325.0 million as of December 31, 2019. The decrease was primarily driven by cash used to fund operations for the nine months ended September 30, 2020. In the third quarter of 2020, the company received approximately $13.6 million of cash from R&D tax credits related to 2018 as a result of qualifying activities under the tax code in the U.K. The company expects that its existing cash, cash equivalents and investments will fund its anticipated operating and capital expenditure requirements into 2022. This excludes the $50 million expected to be available under the companys credit facility and any non-dilutive capital received from potential future partnerships or priority review vouchers.

Our European commercial team is in place and have executed the activities necessary to launch Libmeldy (if approved) on a country-by-country basis in the first half of 2021, said Frank Thomas, president and chief operating officer. In addition, we will be leveraging cross border reimbursement channels for the treatment of patients from other parts of the world based on our past experience with Strimvelis.

Webcast Information for November 13 R&D Investor Event

The company will be webcasting a virtual R&D investor event starting at 9:00 am ET on Friday, November 13, 2020. The event can be accessed under "News & Events" in the Investors & Media section of the company's website at http://www.orchard-tx.com, and a replay will be archived on the Orchard website following the event.

About Orchard

Orchard Therapeutics is a global gene therapy leader dedicated to transforming the lives of people affected by rare diseases through the development of innovative, potentially curative gene therapies. Our ex vivo autologous gene therapy approach harnesses the power of genetically modified blood stem cells and seeks to correct the underlying cause of disease in a single administration. In 2018, Orchard acquired GSKs rare disease gene therapy portfolio, which originated from a pioneering collaboration between GSK and theSan Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy in Milan, Italy. Orchard now has one of the deepest and most advanced gene therapy product candidate pipelines in the industry spanning multiple therapeutic areas where the disease burden on children, families and caregivers is immense and current treatment options are limited or do not exist.

Orchard has its global headquarters in London and U.S. headquarters in Boston. For more information, please visit http://www.orchard-tx.com, and follow us onTwitter and LinkedIn.

Availability of Other Information About Orchard

Investors and others should note that Orchard communicates with its investors and the public using the company website (www.orchard-tx.com), the investor relations website (ir.orchard-tx.com), and on social media (Twitter and LinkedIn), including but not limited to investor presentations and investor fact sheets, U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission filings, press releases, public conference calls and webcasts. The information that Orchard posts on these channels and websites could be deemed to be material information. As a result, Orchard encourages investors, the media, and others interested in Orchard to review the information that is posted on these channels, including the investor relations website, on a regular basis. This list of channels may be updated from time to time on Orchards investor relations website and may include additional social media channels. The contents of Orchards website or these channels, or any other website that may be accessed from its website or these channels, shall not be deemed incorporated by reference in any filing under the Securities Act of 1933.

Forward-Looking Statements

This press release contains certain forward-looking statements about Orchards strategy, future plans and prospects, which are made pursuant to the safe harbor provisions of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. Such forward-looking statements may be identified by words such as anticipates, believes, expects, plans, intends, projects, and future or similar expressions that are intended to identify forward-looking statements. Forward-looking statements include express or implied statements relating to, among other things, Orchards business strategy and goals, including its plans and expectations for the regulatory approval and commercialization of Libmeldy, the therapeutic potential of Orchards product candidates, including Libmeldy and the other product candidates referred to in this release, Orchards expectations regarding the timing of regulatory submissions for approval of its product candidates, including the product candidates referred to in this release, the timing of interactions with regulators and regulatory submissions related to ongoing and new clinical trials for its product candidates, the timing of announcement of clinical data for its product candidates, the likelihood that such data will be positive and support further clinical development and regulatory approval of these product candidates, the likelihood of approval of such product candidates by the applicable regulatory authorities, and Orchards financial condition and cash runway into 2022. These statements are neither promises nor guarantees and are subject to a variety of risks and uncertainties, many of which are beyond Orchards control, which could cause actual results to differ materially from those contemplated in these forward-looking statements. In particular, these risks and uncertainties include, without limitation: the risk that any one or more of Orchards product candidates, including the product candidates referred to in this release, will not be approved, successfully developed or commercialized; the risk of cessation or delay of any of Orchards ongoing or planned clinical trials; the risk that Orchard may not successfully recruit or enroll a sufficient number of patients for its clinical trials; the risk that prior results, such as signals of safety, activity or durability of effect, observed from preclinical studies or clinical trials will not be replicated or will not continue in ongoing or future studies or trials involving Orchards product candidates, including Libmeldy, will be insufficient to support regulatory submissions or marketing approval in the US and EU or that long-term adverse safety findings may be discovered; the delay of any of Orchards regulatory submissions; the failure to obtain marketing approval from the applicable regulatory authorities for any of Orchards product candidates, including the risk that our marketing authorization application submitted for Libmeldy may not be approved by the European Commission when expected, or at all, or the receipt of restricted marketing approvals; the inability or risk of delays in Orchards ability to commercialize its product candidates, including Libmeldy, if approved, including the risk that Orchard may not secure adequate pricing or reimbursement to support continued development or commercialization of Libmeldy; the risk that the market opportunity for its product candidates, including Libmeldy, may be lower than estimated; and the severity of the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on Orchards business, including on clinical development, its supply chain and commercial programs. Given these uncertainties, the reader is advised not to place any undue reliance on such forward-looking statements.

Other risks and uncertainties faced by Orchard include those identified under the heading "Risk Factors" in Orchards quarterly report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended September 30, 2020, to be filed with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC), as well as subsequent filings and reports filed with the SEC. The forward-looking statements contained in this press release reflect Orchards views as of the date hereof, and Orchard does not assume and specifically disclaims any obligation to publicly update or revise any forward-looking statements, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise, except as may be required by law.

Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations(In thousands, except share and per share amounts)(unaudited)

Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet Data(In thousands)(unaudited)

Contacts

InvestorsRenee LeckDirector, Investor Relations+1 862-242-0764Renee.Leck@orchard-tx.com

MediaChristine Harrison VP, Corporate Affairs+1 202-415-0137media@orchard-tx.com

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Orchard Therapeutics Reviews Recent Portfolio Progress and Reports Third Quarter 2020 Financial Results - GlobeNewswire

Bone Marrow Stem Cells Comments Off on Orchard Therapeutics Reviews Recent Portfolio Progress and Reports Third Quarter 2020 Financial Results – GlobeNewswire | November 3rd, 2020

U.S. biotechnology company races to get its COVID-19 therapeutic approved for access, which has previously shownpositive results inseverely ill patients

Vancouver, WACytoDyn Inc. (CytoDyn) a late-stage biotechnology companydeveloping leronlimab (PRO 140), a CCR5 antagonist with the potential for multiple therapeutic indications, announcedit is currently accepting only 155 more candidates across the country for its Phase 2b/3 registrational trial in patients with severe-to-critical COVID-19.

CytoDyn is currently enrolling COVID-19 patients in its Phase 2b/3 clinical trial in at least 13 hospitals in nine states (California, Georgia, Massachusetts, New Jersey, New York, North Carolina, Ohio, Oregon and Texas). Please visit the Companys website atwww.cytodyn.com. The sites currently enrolling patients are listed on the home page under Clinical Trial Enrollment, then click on COVID-19 Severe or Critical in the drop-down screen. Please visit the website frequently, as the list of hospitals is updated on a regular basis.

CytoDyn has already enrolled 235 patients in its trial, and the Data Safety Monitoring Committee (DSMC) recently recommended CytoDyn continue its study without modification to achieve its primary endpoint, based on the results the DSMC observed so far.

The DSMC also added that it will look at the unblinded data again, once an additional 58 patients are enrolled.

We are very encouraged the DSMC recommended we continue our trial without modification, said Nader Pourhassan, Ph.D., President and CEO of CytoDyn.We believe this result, combined with the promising data already demonstrated with emergency INDs in over 60 severe and critical COVID-19 patients, is an indicator of positive data.

Its our hope this means our study is not only proving to be safe, but effective. If it wasnt, the DSMC would have stopped our trial or requested modifications.But instead, the DSMC recommended we continue our study without modification, and indicated it would look at the unblinded data once we are 75% enrolled.This, to us, is a very strong signal of positive data, added Pourhassan.

The recovery of a young woman in California provides some hopeful evidence of the effectiveness of leronlimab, Pourhassan said. She had contracted COVID-19 and was in the hospital on a ventilator. Within 24 hours after receiving a single injection of leronlimab, the amount of oxygen she needed started to drop, and 2 days later, she was able to be removed from her ventilator and later, sent home. She believes our drug saved her life.

We are optimistic and look forward to the completion of our study, or possible early evaluation to warrant an Emergency Use Authorization (EUA) from the FDA, Pourhassan concluded.

About Coronavirus Disease 2019

CytoDyn completed its Phase 2 clinical trial (CD10) for COVID-19, a double-blinded, randomized clinical trial for mild-to-moderate patients in the U.S. which produced statistically significant results for NEWS2. Enrollment continues in its Phase 2b/3 randomized clinical trial for the severe-to-critically ill COVID-19 population in several hospitals throughout the U.S.; an interim analysis on the first 195 patients was conducted mid-October.

CytoDyn is currently enrolling patients in its Phase 2b/3 COVID-19 trial for patients with severe-to-critical indications in at least 13 hospitals and clinics across the U.S., which are identified in this press release and on the Companys website under the Clinical Trial Enrollment section of the homepage.

About Leronlimab (PRO 140)

The FDA has granted a Fast Track designation to CytoDyn for two potential indications of leronlimab for critical illnesses. The first indication is a combination therapy with HAART for HIV-infected patients and the second is for metastatic triple-negative breast cancer. Leronlimab is an investigational humanized IgG4 mAb that blocks CCR5, a cellular receptor that is important in HIV infection, tumor metastases, and other diseases, including NASH.Leronlimab has completed nine clinical trials in over 800 people and met its primary endpoints in a pivotal Phase 3 trial (leronlimab in combination with standard antiretroviral therapies in HIV-infected treatment-experienced patients).

In the setting of HIV/AIDS, leronlimab is a viral-entry inhibitor; it masks CCR5, thus protecting healthy T cells from viral infection by blocking the predominant HIV (R5) subtype from entering those cells. Leronlimab has been the subject of nine clinical trials, each of which demonstrated that leronlimab could significantly reduce or control HIV viral load in humans. The leronlimab antibody appears to be a powerful antiviral agent leading to potentially fewer side effects and less frequent dosing requirements compared with daily drug therapies currently in use.

In the setting of cancer, research has shown that CCR5 may play a role in tumor invasion, metastases, and tumor microenvironment control. Increased CCR5 expression is an indicator of disease status in several cancers. Published studies have shown that blocking CCR5 can reduce tumor metastases in laboratory and animal models of aggressive breast and prostate cancer. Leronlimab reduced human breast cancer metastasis by more than 98% in a murine xenograft model. CytoDyn is, therefore, conducting a Phase 1b/2 human clinical trial in metastatic triple-negative breast cancer and was granted Fast Track designation in May 2019.

The CCR5 receptor appears to play a central role in modulating immune cell trafficking to sites of inflammation. It may be crucial in the development of acute graft-versus-host disease (GvHD) and other inflammatory conditions. Clinical studies by others further support the concept that blocking CCR5 using a chemical inhibitor can reduce the clinical impact of acute GvHD without significantly affecting the engraftment of transplanted bone marrow stem cells.CytoDyn is currently conducting a Phase 2 clinical study with leronlimab to support further the concept that the CCR5 receptor on engrafted cells is critical for the development of acute GvHD, blocking the CCR5 receptor from recognizing specific immune signaling molecules is a viable approach to mitigating acute GvHD. The FDA has granted orphan drug designation to leronlimab for the prevention of GvHD.

About CytoDyn

CytoDyn is a late-stage biotechnology company developing innovative treatments for multiple therapeutic indications based on leronlimab, a novel humanized monoclonal antibody targeting the CCR5 receptor. CCR5 appears to play a critical role in the ability of HIV to enter and infect healthy T-cells. The CCR5 receptor also appears to be implicated in tumor metastasis and immune-mediated illnesses, such as GvHD and NASH.

CytoDyn has successfully completed a Phase 3 pivotal trial with leronlimab in combination with standard antiretroviral therapies in HIV-infected treatment-experienced patients. The FDA met telephonically with Company key personnel and its clinical research organization and provided written responses to the Companys questions concerning its recent Biologics License Application (BLA) for this HIV combination therapy in order to expedite the resubmission of its BLA filing for this indication.

CytoDyn has completed a Phase 3 investigative trial with leronlimab as a once-weekly monotherapy for HIV-infected patients. CytoDyn plans to initiate a registration-directed study of leronlimab monotherapy indication. If successful, it could support a label extension. Clinical results to date from multiple trials have shown that leronlimab can significantly reduce viral burden in people infected with HIV. No drug-related serious site injection reactions reported in about 800 patients treated with leronlimab and no drug-related SAEs reported in patients treated with 700 mg dose of leronlimab. Moreover, a Phase 2b clinical trial demonstrated that leronlimab monotherapy can prevent viral escape in HIV-infected patients; some patients on leronlimab monotherapy have remained virally suppressed for more than six years.

CytoDyn is also conducting a Phase 2 trial to evaluate leronlimab for the prevention of GvHD and a Phase 1b/2 clinical trial with leronlimab in metastatic triple-negative breast cancer. More information is atwww.cytodyn.com.

Forward-Looking Statements

This release contains certain forward-looking statements that involve risks, uncertainties and assumptions that are difficult to predict.Words and expressions reflecting optimism, satisfaction or disappointment with current prospects, as well as words such as believes, hopes, intends, estimates, expects, projects, plans, anticipates and variations thereof, or the use of future tense, identify forward-looking statements, but their absence does not mean that a statement is not forward-looking. Forward-looking statements specifically include statements about leronlimab, its ability to have positive health outcomes, including for patients with COVID-19, the possible results of clinical trials, studies or other programs or ability to continue those programs, the ability to obtain emergency use authorization or regulatory approval for leronlimab for commercial sales, and the market for actual commercial sales. The Companys forward-looking statements are not guarantees of performance, and actual results could vary materially from those contained in or expressed by such statements due to risks and uncertainties including: (i) the results of the Companys clinical trials, including the possibility of unfavorable clinical trial results,(ii) the existence or development of vaccines, drugs, or other treatments that are viewed by medical professionals or patients as superior to the Companys products, (iii) the market for, and marketability of, any product that is approved, (iv) the sufficiency of the Companys cash position, (v) the Companys ability to raise additional capital to fund its operations, (vi) the Companys ability to meet its debt obligations, if any, (vii) the Companys ability to enter into partnership or licensing arrangements with third parties, (viii) the Companys ability to identify patients to enroll in its clinical trials in a timely fashion, (ix) the Companys ability to achieve approval of a marketable product, (x) the design, implementation and conduct of the Companys clinical trials, ((xi) regulatory initiatives, compliance with governmental regulations and the regulatory approval process, (xii) general economic and business conditions, (xiii) changes in foreign, political, and social conditions, and (xiv) various other matters, many of which are beyond the Companys control. The Company urges investors to consider specifically the various risk factors identified in its most recent Form 10-K, and any risk factors or cautionary statements included in any subsequent Form 10-Q or Form 8-K, filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission. Except as required by law, the Company does not undertake any responsibility to update any forward-looking statements to take into account events or circumstances that occur after the date of this release.

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US biotechnology company races to get its COVID-19 therapeutic approved for access, which has previously shown positive results in severely ill...

Bone Marrow Stem Cells Comments Off on US biotechnology company races to get its COVID-19 therapeutic approved for access, which has previously shown positive results in severely ill… | November 3rd, 2020

How an Imaging Test Predicts Treatment Response

If youve already gone through a round of treatment for diffuse large B-cell lymphoma and it didnt work, or your cancer came back after treatment, your doctor might start talking to you about having an autologous stem cell transplant. This therapy involves getting high doses of chemotherapy to get rid of your cancer cells, followed by an infusion of stem cells taken from your blood or bone marrow before treatment, to replenish your bodys supply of healthy blood cells.

Related: What is Autologous Stem Cell Transplant?

A stem cell transplant can be a pretty grueling treatment that involves getting very high doses of chemotherapy, spending three to four weeks in the hospital, and enduring side effects like nausea, vomiting, mouth pain, infections, bleeding, and lung inflammation. And after all of that, you still may not get the results you want.

If its going to cure the patient, I think its all worthwhile to go through, Dr. Jakub Svoboda, medical oncologist at Penn Medicine, tells SurvivorNet. If, on the other hand, a stem cell transplant isnt likely to result in a cure, it may not be a good choice for you.

One clue that can help your doctor decide whether a stem cell transplant is worth the risks involved is how well you responded to chemotherapy after your cancer relapsed. People with an aggressive lymphoma that didnt respond well to chemotherapy tend not to have a good outcome from a stem cell transplant.

Having a combination imaging test called a PET/CT scan before a stem cell transplant can help pinpoint your response to chemo, and let you avoid some potentially severe side effects if this treatment isnt likely to cure you. The PET/CT technology has allowed us to select the patients who will likely benefit from autologous STEM cell transplant, Dr. Svoboda says.

The PET/CT scan combines two common cancer imaging tests. PET stands for positron emission tomography. Before the test, you get an injection of a small amount of radioactive sugar, called fluorodeoxyglucose-18 (FGD-18). Because cancer cells use a lot more energy than healthy cells, they absorb the sugar in larger amounts. As the tracer collects in the cancer, it makes those areas light up and become visible, so your doctor can see them on the scan.

CT is short for computed tomography. It takes x-rays of your body from different angles, to create a cross-sectional view of your organs and tissues. The CT scan can reveal areas of your body that are enlarged from the cancer. It alone isnt sensitive enough to pick up metabolically active areas of cancer, which is why the two tests are combined.

A computer combines the PET and CT images to give your doctor a highly detailed, three-dimensional view of your cancer. Having both of these tests together can show your doctor not only whether your cancer is shrinking, but also if its still active.

When people still have some metabolic activity within shrinking areas of cancer, they actually dont do well with the transplant, Dr. Svoboda says.

Its very helpful for doctors to have the information from a PET/CT scan, Dr. Svoboda tells SurvivorNet. You can then offer that patient a different treatment or steer them toward some of the novel therapies.

One alternative to stem cell transplant is chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy. Its a promising treatment for some people with aggressive non-Hodgkin lymphoma that hasnt responded to other treatments. CAR T-cell therapy involves genetically modifying your own immune cells so that they attack your cancer. CAR T-cell therapy or other treatments actually may have a better chance at working than transplanting in this setting, Dr. Svoboda says.

Learn more about SurvivorNet's rigorous medical review process.

Dr. Jakub Svoboda is a medical oncologist at Penn Medicine, andassociate professor of medicine at the Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania. Read More

Related: What is Autologous Stem Cell Transplant?

If its going to cure the patient, I think its all worthwhile to go through, Dr. Jakub Svoboda, medical oncologist at Penn Medicine, tells SurvivorNet. If, on the other hand, a stem cell transplant isnt likely to result in a cure, it may not be a good choice for you.

One clue that can help your doctor decide whether a stem cell transplant is worth the risks involved is how well you responded to chemotherapy after your cancer relapsed. People with an aggressive lymphoma that didnt respond well to chemotherapy tend not to have a good outcome from a stem cell transplant.

Having a combination imaging test called a PET/CT scan before a stem cell transplant can help pinpoint your response to chemo, and let you avoid some potentially severe side effects if this treatment isnt likely to cure you. The PET/CT technology has allowed us to select the patients who will likely benefit from autologous STEM cell transplant, Dr. Svoboda says.

The PET/CT scan combines two common cancer imaging tests. PET stands for positron emission tomography. Before the test, you get an injection of a small amount of radioactive sugar, called fluorodeoxyglucose-18 (FGD-18). Because cancer cells use a lot more energy than healthy cells, they absorb the sugar in larger amounts. As the tracer collects in the cancer, it makes those areas light up and become visible, so your doctor can see them on the scan.

CT is short for computed tomography. It takes x-rays of your body from different angles, to create a cross-sectional view of your organs and tissues. The CT scan can reveal areas of your body that are enlarged from the cancer. It alone isnt sensitive enough to pick up metabolically active areas of cancer, which is why the two tests are combined.

A computer combines the PET and CT images to give your doctor a highly detailed, three-dimensional view of your cancer. Having both of these tests together can show your doctor not only whether your cancer is shrinking, but also if its still active.

When people still have some metabolic activity within shrinking areas of cancer, they actually dont do well with the transplant, Dr. Svoboda says.

Its very helpful for doctors to have the information from a PET/CT scan, Dr. Svoboda tells SurvivorNet. You can then offer that patient a different treatment or steer them toward some of the novel therapies.

One alternative to stem cell transplant is chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy. Its a promising treatment for some people with aggressive non-Hodgkin lymphoma that hasnt responded to other treatments. CAR T-cell therapy involves genetically modifying your own immune cells so that they attack your cancer. CAR T-cell therapy or other treatments actually may have a better chance at working than transplanting in this setting, Dr. Svoboda says.

Learn more about SurvivorNet's rigorous medical review process.

Dr. Jakub Svoboda is a medical oncologist at Penn Medicine, andassociate professor of medicine at the Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania. Read More

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Could an Imaging Test Predict How Well Youll Respond to a Stem Cell Transplant? - SurvivorNet

Bone Marrow Stem Cells Comments Off on Could an Imaging Test Predict How Well Youll Respond to a Stem Cell Transplant? – SurvivorNet | November 1st, 2020

Global Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation Market Report from AMA Research highlights deep analysis on market characteristics, sizing, estimates and growth by segmentation, regional breakdowns& country along with competitive landscape, players market shares, and strategies that are key in the market. The exploration provides a 360 view and insights, highlighting major outcomes of the industry. These insights help the business decision-makers to formulate better business plans and make informed decisions to improved profitability. In addition, the study helps venture or private players in understanding the companies in more detail to make better informed decisions.

Major Players in This Report Include,

Gilead Sciences Inc. (United States), Thermo Fisher Scientific (United States), PromoCell (Germany), CellGenix Technologie Transfer GmbH (Germany), Cesca Therapeutics Inc.(United States), R&D Systems (United States), Genlantis (United States), Lonza Group Ltd.(Switzerland), TiGenix N.V.(Belgium), ScienCell Research Laboratories (United States), Regen Biopharma Inc. (United States), China Cord Blood Corp (Hong Kong) and CBR Systems Inc. (United States).

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Analyst at AMA have conducted special survey and have connected with opinion leaders and Industry experts from various region to minutely understand impact on growth as well as local reforms to fight the situation. A special chapter in the study presents Impact Analysis of COVID-19 on Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation Market along with tables and graphs related to various country and segments showcasing impact on growth trends.

Definition

Despite the increasing availability of smart antineoplastic therapies in recent years, Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) remains an optimal treatment modality for many hematologic malignancies. HSCT is one of a range of therapeutic options which is available to patients suffering from various diseases. It is a widely accepted treatment for many life-threatening diseases. The treatment is available to patients who suffer from refractory or relapsing neoplastic disease and non-neoplastic genetic disorders, as well as from chronic bone marrow failure. Hematopoietic stem cells are young or immature blood cells which are found to be living in bone marrow. These blood cells when matures in bone marrow very few enters into bloodstream.

Global Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation Market Report offers a detailed overview of this market and discusses the dominant factors affecting the growth of the market. The impact of Porters five armies on the market over the next few years has been discussed for a long time in this study. We will also forecast global market size and market outlook over the next few years.

Types of Products, Applications and Global Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation Market Report Geographical Scope taken as the Main Parameter for Market Analysis. This Research Report Conducts an assessment of the industry chain supporting this market. It also provides accurate information on various aspects of this market, such as production capacity, available production capacity utilization, industrial policies affecting the manufacturing chain and market growth.

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In this research study, the prime factors that are impelling the growth of the Global Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation market report have been studied thoroughly in a bid to estimate the overall value and the size of this market by the end of the forecast period. The impact of the driving forces, limitations, challenges, and opportunities has been examined extensively. The key trends that manage the interest of the customers have also been interpreted accurately for the benefit of the readers.

The Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation market study is being classified by Type, Applicationsand major geographies with country level break-up that includes South America (Brazil, Argentina, Rest of South America), Asia Pacific (China, Japan, India, South Korea, Taiwan, Australia, Rest of Asia-Pacific), Europe (Germany, France, Italy, United Kingdom, Netherlands, Rest of Europe), MEA (Middle East, Africa), North America (United States, Canada, Mexico).

The report concludes with in-depth details on the business operations and financial structure of leading vendors in the Global Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation market report, Overview of Key trends in the past and present are in reports that are reported to be beneficial for companies looking for venture businesses in this market. Information about the various marketing channels and well-known distributors in this market was also provided here. This study serves as a rich guide for established players and new players in this market.

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Current Scenario Analysis for Decision Framework

Key Strategic Developments in Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation Market:

The research includes the key strategic activities such as Research & Development (R&D) initiatives, Merger & Acquisition (M&A) completed, agreements, new launches, collaborations, partnerships & (JV) Joint ventures, and regional growth of the key competitors operating in the market at global and regional scale to overcome current slowdown due to COVID-19.

Key Market Features in Global Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation Market

The report highlights Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation market features, including revenue size, weighted average regional price, capacity utilization rate, production rate, gross margins, consumption, import & export, demand & supply, cost bench-marking in Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation market share and annualized growth rate (Y-o-Y) and Periodic CAGR.

Extracts from Table of Contents

Global Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation Market Research Report

Chapter 1 Global Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation Market Overview

Chapter 2 Global Economic Impact on Industry

Chapter 3 Global Market Competition by Manufacturers

Chapter 4 Global Revenue (Value, Volume*) by Region

Chapter 5 Global Supplies (Production), Consumption, Export, Import by Regions

Chapter 6 Global Revenue (Value, Volume*), Price* Trend by Type

Chapter 7 Global Market Analysis by Application

.continued

This report also analyzes the regulatory framework of the Global Markets Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation Market Report to inform stakeholders about the various norms, regulations, this can have an impact. It also collects in-depth information from the detailed primary and secondary research techniques analyzed using the most efficient analysis tools. Based on the statistics gained from this systematic study, market research provides estimates for market participants and readers.

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Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation Industry & Technological Innovation: Major Players Hitting the Reset Button - Royal Sutton News

Bone Marrow Stem Cells Comments Off on Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation Industry & Technological Innovation: Major Players Hitting the Reset Button – Royal Sutton News | November 1st, 2020

Is the United States a step closer to approving a form of stem cell transplantation as a treatment for multiple sclerosis? I believe it may be.

Thats because the National Multiple Sclerosis Society (NMSS) has slightly changed its view of autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, or aHSCT.

aHSCT involves removing a patients own stem cells from the blood or bone marrow, using chemotherapy to kill off most of the immune system, and then injecting the stem cells back into the patient. Those stem cells regenerate the immune system, hopefully without any of the rogue immune cells that attack the nervous system and create MS symptoms.

In the past, the National MS Society has failed to make recommendations about how any form of stem cell treatment should be used, at least as far as my research can determine. Now, in an article in JAMA Neurology, a group of neurologists, including members of the NMSS National Medical Advisory Committee, are outlining parts of a stem cell protocol.

The NMSS is now being specific about who might be a candidate for aHSCT:

The National Multiple Sclerosis Society believes that AHSCT may be a useful treatment option for people with relapsing multiple sclerosis who demonstrate substantial breakthrough disease activity (ie, new inflammatory central nervous system lesions and/or clinical relapses) despite treatment with high-efficacy disease-modifying therapy or have contraindications to high-efficacy disease-modifying therapies.

That language seems more aggressive than what the NMSSwrote about an Italian study published earlier this year. In that commentary, the society suggested the procedure might be appropriate for people with secondary progressive MS, and it suggested further study with a larger group:

These results suggest that HSCT might be appropriate in a subgroup of people with SPMS that have significant inflammatory activity as measured by MRI. Further study in larger numbers are needed to understand who among those with secondary progressive MS might benefit from HSCT.

The new guidelines clearly outline which people with relapsing-remitting MS might benefit. They are younger than 50 and have lived with an MS diagnosis for less than 10 years.

The authors recommend that stem cell transplantation be performed in medical centers with substantial experience and expertise. A follow-up regime is proposed, along with the creation of a single database to track people who undergo the procedure. But the article cautions that more research is needed to establish best practices for handling the stem cells and other technical processes.

Some hospitals and clinics in Russia, Mexico, and other locations offer aHSCT to MS patients at a cost of about $50,000. aHSCT also is provided to some MS patients through the U.Ks National Health Service. A list of aHSCT facilities worldwide is available at http://www.hsctstopsms.com.

The authors of the JAMA Neurology article suggest a clinical trial may be the place for someone who wants their MS treated with a stem cell transplant right now. A well-known trial by Dr. Richard Burt shut down about a year ago. However, a trial called BEAT-MS has been enrolling patients at several locations in the U.S. You can find information about other studies at clinicaltrials.gov.

The authors note that joining a trial would assure the patient of quality care with an acceptable protocol and provide the personal satisfaction of knowing they are contributing to answering a very important question for people with MS.

That sounds like a pretty good suggestion to me since the U.S. likely has a long way to go before aHSCT for MS becomes common here, even with the NMSS backing. But its encouraging that finally it is gaining some traction.

Youre invited to follow my personal blog at http://www.themswire.com.

***

Note: Multiple Sclerosis News Today is strictly a news and information website about the disease. It does not provide medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. This content is not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Always seek the advice of your physician or other qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition. Never disregard professional medical advice or delay in seeking it because of something you have read on this website. The opinions expressed in this column are not those of Multiple Sclerosis News Today or its parent company, BioNews, and are intended to spark discussion about issues pertaining to multiple sclerosis.

Diagnosed with MS at age 32 in 1980, Ed has written the MS Wire column for Multiple Sclerosis News Today since August 2016. He presents timely information on MS, blended with personal experiences. Before retiring from full-time work in 2012, Tobias spent more than four decades in broadcast and on-line newsrooms as a manager, reporter, and radio news anchor. Hes won several national broadcast awards. As an MS patient communicator, Ed consults with healthcare and social media companies. Hes the author of Were Not Drunk, We Have MS: A tool kit for people living with multiple sclerosis. Ed and his wife split time between the Washington, D.C. suburbs and Floridas Gulf Coast.

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aHSCT Gets a Boost in US With NMSS Recommendations - Multiple Sclerosis News Today

Bone Marrow Stem Cells Comments Off on aHSCT Gets a Boost in US With NMSS Recommendations – Multiple Sclerosis News Today | October 31st, 2020

DetailsCategory: Small MoleculesPublished on Friday, 30 October 2020 17:39Hits: 249

- Enrollment to cease immediately; topline data anticipated in H1 2021-

TEL AVIV, Israel I October 30, 2020 I BioLineRx Ltd. (NASDAQ: BLRX) (TASE: BLRX), a clinical-stage biopharmaceutical company focused on oncology, today announced positive results from a planned interim analysis of the ongoing GENESIS Phase 3 trial of motixafortide for stem cell mobilization (SCM) in multiple myeloma patients.

At a meeting of the study's independent Data Monitoring Committee (DMC), a planned interim analysis of the study's primary endpoint was conducted independently by the DMC. Based on the statistically significant evidence favoring treatment with motixafortide, the DMC issued a recommendation to the Company that patient enrollment may be ceased immediately, without the need to recruit all 177 patients originally planned for the study.

In accordance with the DMC's recommendation, study enrollment is now complete at 122 patients. Full results for the study, including secondary and exploratory efficacy endpoints, as well as extended safety data, will be announced after the last patient enrolled reaches 100 days of follow-up post-transplantation, which is expected to occur in the first half of 2021.

"The compelling results of this planned interim analysis are a very significant milestone for our Company, as our SCM program is the Company's most efficient path to registration for motixafortide," stated Philip Serlin, Chief Executive Officer of BioLineRx. "Stem cell mobilization represents a significant unmet medical need in multiple myeloma, as between 50% and 70% of patients are poor mobilizers. We eagerly await the final results of the study, expected in the first half of next year, which we hope will support our goal of changing the treatment paradigm in autologous stem-cell mobilization, thus positioning motixafortide in combination with G-CSF as the new standard of care in this indication."

The GENESIS trial was initiated in December 2017. GENESIS is a randomized, placebo-controlled, multicenter study, evaluating the safety, tolerability and efficacy of motixafortide and G-CSF, compared to placebo and G-CSF, for the mobilization of HSCs for autologous transplantation in multiple myeloma patients. The primary objective of the study is to demonstrate that only one dose of motixafortide on top of G-CSF is superior to G-CSF alone in the ability to mobilize 6x106 CD34+ cells in up to two apheresis sessions. Secondary objectives include time to engraftment of neutrophils and platelets and durability of engraftment, as well as other efficacy and safety parameters.

About BioLineRx

BioLineRx Ltd. (NASDAQ/TASE: BLRX) is a late clinical-stage biopharmaceutical company focused on oncology. The Company's business model is to in-license novel compounds, develop them through clinical stages, and then partner with pharmaceutical companies for further clinical development and/or commercialization.

The Company's lead program, motixafortide (BL-8040), is a cancer therapy platform currently being evaluated in a Phase 2a study for the treatment of pancreatic cancer in combination with KEYTRUDA and chemotherapy under a collaboration agreement with MSD. Motixafortide is also being evaluated in a Phase 2b study in consolidation AML and a Phase 3 study in stem cell mobilization for autologous bone-marrow transplantation.

BioLineRx is developing a second oncology program, AGI-134, an immunotherapy treatment for multiple solid tumors that is currently being investigated in a Phase 1/2a study.

For additional information on BioLineRx, please visit the Company's website at http://www.biolinerx.com, where you can review the Company's SEC filings, press releases, announcements and events. BioLineRx industry updates are also regularly updated on Facebook,Twitter, and LinkedIn

SOURCE: BioLineRx

Link:
BioLineRx Announces Positive Results from Interim Analysis of GENESIS Phase 3 Trial of Motixafortide (BL-8040) in Stem Cell Mobilization | Small...

Bone Marrow Stem Cells Comments Off on BioLineRx Announces Positive Results from Interim Analysis of GENESIS Phase 3 Trial of Motixafortide (BL-8040) in Stem Cell Mobilization | Small… | October 31st, 2020

The latest Stem Cell Banking market research report offers a top to bottom analysis of this business sphere in terms of potential industry size, supply chain, growth dynamics, opportunity analysis, and competitive landscape. Furthermore, it extends through abstracts on various industry segments, inclusive of a rundown of the business scenario across the various regional markets. Additionally, the study provide insights into to the impact of Covid-19 pandemic and recommends strategies that could maximize ROI amid these uncertain times.

Key areas covered in the Covid-19 impact assessment:

An overview of the regional analysis:

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Other important inclusions in the Stem Cell Banking market report:

Key Questions Answered in The Report:

What will the Stem Cell Banking market growth rate?

What are the key factors driving the global Stem Cell Banking market?

Who are the key manufacturers in Stem Cell Banking market space?

What are the market opportunities and overview of the Stem Cell Banking market?

What are sales, revenue, and price analysis of top manufacturers of Stem Cell Banking market?

What are the Stem Cell Banking market opportunities and threats faced by the vendors in the global Stem Cell Banking Industry?

What are sales, revenue, and price analysis by types and applications of Stem Cell Banking Industry?

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Stem Cell Banking Market to witness an impressive growth during the forecast pe - News by aeresearch

Bone Marrow Stem Cells Comments Off on Stem Cell Banking Market to witness an impressive growth during the forecast pe – News by aeresearch | October 31st, 2020

The Global Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation (HSCT) Market report offers key insights into the worldwide Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation (HSCT) market. It presents a holistic overview of the market, with an in-depth summary of the markets leading players. The report is inclusive of indispensable information related to the leading competitors in this business sector and carefully analyzes the micro- and macro-economic market trends. The latest report specializes in studying primary and secondary market drivers, market share, the leading market segments, and comprehensive geographical analysis. Vital information about the key market players and their key business strategies, such as mergers & acquisitions, collaborations, technological innovation, and trending business policies, is one of the key components of the report.

Get a sample of the report @ https://www.reportsanddata.com/sample-enquiry-form/3627

The report covers extensive analysis of the key market players in the market, along with their business overview, expansion plans, and strategies. The key players studied in the report include:

China Cord Blood Corp, Pluristem Therapeutics Inc., CBR Systems Inc CellGenix Technologie Transfer GmbH, Cryo-Save AG Kite Pharma Inc., Regen Biopharma Inc., ViaCord Inc., BiolineRx, Cynata Therapeutics, Cesca Therapeutics Inc, Lonza Group Ltd, TiGenix N.V., Bluebird Bio, Cellular Dynamics International, and Escape Therapeutics Inc., among others.

Furthermore, our market analysts have drawn focus to the significant impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the global Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation (HSCT) market and its key segments and sub-segments. The grave aftereffects of the pandemic on the global economy, and subsequently, on this particular business sphere, have been enumerated in this section of the report. The report considers the key market-influencing parameters, delivering a detailed future impact assessment. The Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation (HSCT) market has been devastated by the pandemic, which has culminated in drastic changes to the market dynamics and demand trends.

In market segmentation by types of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation (HSCT), the report covers-

In market segmentation by applications of the Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation (HSCT), the report covers the following uses-

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Moreover, the research report thoroughly examines the size, share, and market volume of the Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation (HSCT) industry in the historical years to forecast the same valuations over the forecast duration. It offers exhaustive SWOT analysis, Porters Five Forces analysis, feasibility analysis, and investment return analysis of the Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation (HSCT) market, assessed using certain effective analytical tools. The report also provides strategic recommendations to market entrants to help them navigate around the entry-level barriers.

The global Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation (HSCT) market is geographically categorized into:

The following timeline is considered for market estimation:

Historical Years: 2017-2018

Base Year: 2019

Estimated Year: 2020

Forecast Years: 2020-2027

Key Coverage of the Report:

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How Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation (HSCT) Market Will Dominate In Coming Years? Report Covering Products, Financial Information,...

Bone Marrow Stem Cells Comments Off on How Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation (HSCT) Market Will Dominate In Coming Years? Report Covering Products, Financial Information,… | October 30th, 2020

Blood cancer is a disorder that affects the production as well as the normal functioning of blood cells. The process of normal blood cell development is disturbed because of the uncontrolled growth of abnormal blood cells. These abnormal or cancerous cells disrupt the normal functions of blood components such as preventing bleeding and defending infections.

Blood Cancer (Haematopoietic malignancies) is one of the top 10 cancers in India and as per the latest Cancer Report of ICMR, it is estimated that by 2025 nearly 1.38 lakh people would be affected. Currently, around 1.25 lakh people are suffering from the disease which constitutes 9% of total cancers in the country.

While speaking about blood cancer, Dr Divya Bansal, Consultant - Clinical Hematology and Stem Cell Transplant, HCMCT Manipal Hospitals, New Delhi, said, "Blood is a liquid medium present throughout the body and not confined to a defined area, which makes blood cancers and their treatment very different from solid-organ cancers. There is a limited role of surgery and radiation therapy in the treatment of blood cancers, as they are thermosensitive."

She continued, "Chemotherapy treatment for blood cancers is much more intense in comparison to solid cancers and hence, their side effects. Also, the staging of blood cancers is very different from solid cancers and concept of metastasis is not applicable for blood cancers."

"In the case of blood cancers, prognostic risk stratification is important. Bone marrow transplant has a limited role in solid cancers but remains the curative treatment for blood cancers. This difference has actually led to the development of a completely different speciality for treatment of blood cancers i.e. Haemato-oncology, all over the world," Dr Divya Bansal added.

Meanwhile, in order for us to understand the types of blood cancers, its symptoms and treatment, Dr Divya Bansal carefully explained each one and helped us list them out.

Take a look.

Types of blood cancers

Leukaemia

This is caused by the fast production of abnormal white blood cells, and these abnormal are seen in blood and the bone marrow. A large number of abnormal WBCs are unable to defend infections.

Lymphoma

This is a type of blood cancer that involves the lymphatic system. Abnormal lymphocytes turn into lymphoma cells that multiply and get accumulated in the lymph nodes. Gradually, these cancer cells impair the immune system.

Myeloma

This affects the plasma cells, the cells that produce antibodies against disease in the body. Myeloma cells disturb the normal development of antibodies and make the body susceptible to infection.

Symptoms

- Fever- Weight loss- Loss of appetite- Bony pains- Bleeding from any sites- Generalised weakness and fatigue- Night sweats- Nodular swelling around the neck, axilla or groin- Abdominal swelling

Diagnosis

One can get the disease diagnosed with the help of a blood test, bone marrow aspiration, and biopsy. In cases of lymphoma, one must opt for a lymph node biopsy. Other options include PET-CT, specialized tests such as Flowcytometry or Immunohistochemistry, Fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH), Karyotyping and Next-generation sequencing (NGS) which is the latest technique of diagnosing and risk stratification of blood cancers.

Treatment

Chemotherapy

An oral or injectable drug that travels in the bloodstream throughout the body and kills the cancer cells. It damages cancer cells and stops division and growth of it, leading to their death.

Immunotherapy

It refers to agents that use the bodys immune system to help fight diseases such as blood cancer. It can work directly with your bodys immune system to stop or slow the growth of cancer cells. Biologic therapies include substances made by the body or in a lab. Cytokines, Gene therapy, and Immunomodulators, and Monoclonal antibodies are the main types of immunotherapy.

Targeted therapy

Therapies that target a certain genetic mutation known to occur in a specific blood cancer is called targeted therapy. Here, we target a protein that is present in cancer cells due to mutation. As soon as a mutation is identified, we can develop a treatment to target that target. Destroying cancer cells is the main aim of this therapy.

Bone Marrow Transplantation (BMT)

It is a procedure where a damaged or non-functional bone marrow cells are replaced by healthy multipotent hematopoietic stem cells.

Overall, BMT remains the only curative treatment for most of the blood cancers. There are two types of bone marrow transplant procedure used in the treatment of blood cancers -- Autologous BMT, when patient's own stem cells are infused back after high dose chemotherapy, and, Allogenic BMT, when the source of stem cells is a healthy donor, either related or unrelated.

A few blood cancers if treated promptly and effectively can be managed well and even cured.

Examples of blood cancers which can be cured include Acute Promyelocytic leukaemia, Chronic myeloid leukaemia, Hairy cell leukaemia, and Paediatric Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia.

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Know all about types of blood cancer, its symptoms, diagnosis and treatment - DNA India

Bone Marrow Stem Cells Comments Off on Know all about types of blood cancer, its symptoms, diagnosis and treatment – DNA India | October 30th, 2020

TipRanks

America goes to the polls on Tuesday (well, actually, America has been early voting for a few weeks, now), and while Democrat Joe Biden has a solid lead in the polls, there is some of evidence that President Trump may still win a second term. Finally, with all of the early voting, mass absentee ballots, and possible extended counting deadlines, we might not know on Tuesday night who the winner is.Its a situation made of uncertainty, and financial markets dont like that. Which brings us to dividend stocks. Investors want a pad, something to protect their portfolio in case of a market drop, and dividends offer just that. These profit-sharing payments to stockholders provide a steady income stream, that typically stays reliable even in a modest downturn. Wall Streets analysts have been doing some of the footwork for us, pinpointing dividend-paying stocks that have kept up high yields, at least 8% to be exact. Opening up theTipRanks database, we examine the details behind those payments to find out what else makes these stocks compelling buys.Altria Group, Inc. (MO)Well start with Altria Group, the tobacco company best known for its iconic Marlboro cigarettes. Altria, like many of the so-called sin stocks, is one of the markets dividend champions, with a long history of reliable, high-yielding payments. The company has benefited from a psychological quirk of human nature during such a wild year as 2020: People will hunker down if necessary, but they wont give up their small pleasures.Cigarettes are exactly that, and even though overall smoking rates have been declining in recent years, Altria saw stable financial results in the last few quarters. The first and second quarters both showed $1.09 in earnings, well above the 97 cents expected in Q1 and modest beat against Q2s $1.06 forecast. Revenues hit $5.06 billion in Q2, in-line with the two previous quarters.Looking ahead, analysts expect Altria to post $1.15 per share in earnings on $5.5 billion in revenues when it reports Q3 results. That report is due out tomorrow morning. Meeting those results will help Altria maintain its dividend although the company has a long-standing, very public, commitment to do just that. Altria has kept its dividend reliable for the past 12 years, and for the last payment, made it September, the company even slightly raised the payout by 2.4%. The current dividend is 86 cents per common share, or $3.44 annualized, and yields an impressive 8.8%.Looking at Altria in the lead-up to the Q3 report, Deutsche Bank analyst Stephen Powers writes, [We] are positively biased on company fundamentals as we approach MO's results next weekreinforced by healthy scanned channel demand intraquarter across MO's core tobacco businesses, with particular strength in cigarettes driven by the Marlboro brand we believe continued operational execution in its core business will enable MO to more credibly position itself as a stable core tobacco investmentPowers rates the stock as a Buy, and his $51 price target implies a 37% upside for the coming year. (To watch Powers track record, click here)Overall, Altria has a Moderate Buy rating from the analyst consensus, based on 3 Buys and 2 Holds set in recent weeks. The stocks current share price is $37.04, and the average price target of $46 suggests a 24% one-year upside. (See MO stock analysis on TipRanks)American Finance Trust (AFIN)Next on our list is a Real Estate Investment Trust, a REIT. These companies are known for their high dividends, a fact resulting from a quirk of tax regulation. REITs are required to return a certain percentage of profits directly to shareholders, and dividends are one of the surest means of compliance. AFIN, which focuses its portfolio on single- and multi-tenant service-retail properties, is typical for its niche.And its niche has been solid. AFIN boasts major companies like Home Depot, Lowes, and Dollar General among its top ten tenants, and announced earlier this month that it has collected over 91% of its third quarter rents. Looking ahead to Q3 results next week, EPS is expected at 23 cents, a 15% increase from Q2. The company offers a monthly dividend, at a rate of 7.1 cents per common share, instead of the more common quarterly payments. The monthly format allows some flexibility in managing adjustments to the payout rate; in April, AFIN reduced the dividend from 9 cents to 7.1 as part of efforts to manage the corona crisis effects on business. The current payment annualizes to 85.2 cents per share, and yields a robust 14.7%. This is more than 7x higher than the average dividend yield found among S&P 500 companies.B. Riley analyst Bryan Maher notes the difficulties that AFIN has faced, as a property owner and manager during an economic downturn, but is confident in the companys ability to meet the challenges.Like most REIT's, AFIN has been impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic, which is not surprising given its portfolio has a large number of service retail assets. However, 71% of the portfolio is necessity-focused retail, with the balance being distribution and office properties. As such, AFIN collected 84% of cash rents due in 2Q20, including 96% of the cash rent due from its top 20 tenants. Cash rent collection for July improved to 88%. AFIN has been proactive in working with certain tenants to negotiate rent deferrals/credits Maher noted. To this end, Maher rates AFIN stock a Buy, and gives it a $10 price target. At current trading levels, this implies a strong one-year upside potential of 76%. (To watch Mahers track record, click here)AFIN is priced at $5.69, and its average target matches Mahers, at $10. The stock has a Moderate Buy from the analyst consensus, based on an even split between Buy and Hold reviews. (See AFIN stock analysis on TipRanks)Golub Capital BDC (GBDC)Last but not least is Golub Capital, a business development company and asset manager. Golub works with middle market companies, providing solutions for financing and lending. The company boasts a market cap of $2.2 billion, as well as over $30 billion in capital under management.In the months since the corona virus crisis hit the economy, Golub has seen a depressed share price and high volatility in its earnings. The stock is down 28% year-to-date. Earnings, which collapsed in 4Q19, have been bouncing in 2020. The first quarter showed 33 cent per share, while the Q2 figure came in at 28 cents. Looking ahead, the forecast expects a repeat of the second quarter EPS figure, 28 cents. Revenues have been just as volatile; the first quarter saw a deep net loss, but Q2 saw the top line bounce back to $145 million. This was the highest quarterly revenue figure in the past year.Golub believes in keeping up the dividend for investors, offering not only a reliable regular payment but also periodic special dividends. The company adjusted the payment earlier this year, both to keep it affordable during the coronavirus crisis and to keep the yield from getting too high. The result was a 12% cut, making the current payment 29 cents per common share quarterly. This still gives a high yield of 9.16%, which compares well to the 2.5% average found among finance sector peers.Finian OShea, from Well Fargo, notes that Golub has recently announced a $2 billion unsecured debt issue, a move that gives the company plenty of liquidity in a difficult time. He writes, GBDC isnt paying a hefty premium for unsecureds to begin with... We think the improved flexibility and longer tenor of unsecureds make them an attractive addition to the right side of the balance sheet, and see it as a vote of confidence in GBDCs underlying portfolio.OShea reiterates his Overweight (i.e. Buy) rating on this stock. His price target, at $13.50, indicates room for a modest 6% upside. (To watch OSheas track record, click here)Like AFIN above, Golub Capital has a Moderate Buy consensus rating, with 1 each Buy and Hold reviews. The stocks average price target matches OSheas, at $13.50. (See Golubs stock analysis at TipRanks)To find good ideas for dividend stocks trading at attractive valuations, visit TipRanks Best Stocks to Buy, a newly launched tool that unites all of TipRanks equity insights.Disclaimer: The opinions expressed in this article are solely those of the featured analysts. The content is intended to be used for informational purposes only. It is very important to do your own analysis before making any investment.

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Cellect Biotechnology Commences Collaboration with XNK Therapeutics to Advance Novel NK Cell-Based Therapies; Adds Another Partner for its Functional...

Bone Marrow Stem Cells Comments Off on Cellect Biotechnology Commences Collaboration with XNK Therapeutics to Advance Novel NK Cell-Based Therapies; Adds Another Partner for its Functional… | October 30th, 2020

GAITHERSBURG, Md., Oct. 27, 2020 (GLOBE NEWSWIRE) -- NexImmune, a clinical-stage biotechnology company developing unique non-genetically-engineered T cell immunotherapies, announced today that it has signed a research initiative related to its AIM nanoparticle technology with City of Hope, a world-renowned independent research and treatment center for cancer, diabetes and other life-threatening diseases.

City of Hope is a participating clinical site in the ongoing Phase 1/2 study of NEXI-001. The cancer center will leverage both patient samples from the ongoing NexImmune Phase 1/2 clinical study of NEXI-001 in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) patients with relapsed disease after allogeneic stem cell transplantation and the center’s tumor repository bank of primary leukemia samples, one of the largest collections in the world, to drive the research.

NEXI-001 is a cellular product candidate that contains populations of naturally occurring CD8+ T cells directed against multiple antigen targets for AML, and it is the first clinical product generated by the Company’s AIM nanoparticle technology.

NexImmune has developed a unique and versatile technology platform that lends itself very effectively to important areas of ongoing research in the field of AML,” said Guido Marcucci, M.D., Chair and Professor with City of Hope’s Department of Hematologic Malignancies Translational Science. Our collective goal is to translate future research findings into new, more effective T cell immunotherapies to the benefit of these very difficult to treat patients.”

A key objective of the research will focus on the identification of new antigen targets that are expressed on both leukemic blasts as well as leukemic stem cells, and those which represent survival proteins to both. Once identified, these antigen targets will be loaded on NexImmune AIM-nanoparticles to expand antigen-specific CD8+ T cells, and evaluated in pre-clinical models for anti-tumor potency, tumor-specific killing, and response durability.

In addition, the research initiative will aim to further understand different mechanisms of tumor escape, such as tumor antigen and human leukocyte antigen (HLA) downregulation due to immune pressure.

Research between NexImmune and City of Hope will inform a scientific understanding of how the immune system can address certain tumor escape mechanisms to more effectively fight aggressive cancers like AML, and how this might be accomplished with NexImmune’s AIM technology and T cell products,” said Monzr Al Malki, M.D., Director of City of Hope’s Unrelated Donor BMT Program and Haploidentical Transplant Program and an Associate Clinical Professor with Department of Hematology and Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation. Based on our current clinical experience with this technology, we’re excited to learn what more this research will tell us.”

City of Hope is a world-class clinical research institution that has built one of the largest banks of leukemia samples in the world,” said Han Myint, M.D., NexImmune Chief Medical Officer. The depth of expertise that Drs. Marcucci, Al Malki and their team bring to this research initiative will help NexImmune continue to develop innovative products that can help patients with AML and other hard-to-treat cancers.”

City of Hope is a leader in bone marrow transplantation . More than 16,000 stem cell and bone marrow transplants have been performed at City of Hope, and more than 700 are performed annually. City of Hope’s BMT program is the only one in the nation that has had one-year survival above the expected rate for 15 consecutive years, based on analysis by the Center for International Blood and Marrow Transplant Research.

About NexImmune NexImmune is a clinical-stage biotechnology company developing unique approaches to T cell immunotherapies based on its proprietary Artificial Immune Modulation (AIM) technology. The AIM technology is designed to generate a targeted T cell-mediated immune response and is initially being developed as a cell therapy for the treatment of hematologic cancers. AIM nanoparticles (AIM-np) act as synthetic dendritic cells to deliver immune-specific signals to targeted T cells and can direct the activation or suppression of cell-mediated immunity. In cancer, AIM-expanded T cells have demonstrated best-in-class anti-tumor properties as characterized by in vitro analysis, including a unique combination of anti-tumor potency, antigen target-specific killing, and long-term T cell persistence. The modular design of the AIM platform enables rapid expansion across multiple therapeutic areas, with both cell therapy and injectable products.

NexImmune’s two lead T cell therapy programs, NEXI-001 and NEXI-002, are in Phase 1/2 clinical trials for the treatment of relapsed AML after allogeneic stem cell transplantation and multiple myeloma refractory to > 3 prior lines of therapy, respectively. The Company’s pipeline also has additional preclinical programs, including cell therapy and injectable product candidates, for the treatment of oncology, autoimmune disorders, and infectious diseases.

For more information, visit http://www.neximmune.com.

Media Contact: Mike Beyer Sam Brown Inc. Healthcare Communications 312-961-2502 mikebeyer@sambrown.com

Investor Contact: Chad Rubin Solebury Trout +1-646-378-2947 crubin@soleburytrout.com

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NexImmune Establishes Research Initiative with City of Hope to Focus on Novel Immunotherapeutic Approaches to Acute Myeloid Leukemia - Stockhouse

Bone Marrow Stem Cells Comments Off on NexImmune Establishes Research Initiative with City of Hope to Focus on Novel Immunotherapeutic Approaches to Acute Myeloid Leukemia – Stockhouse | October 30th, 2020

This article was originally published here

N Engl J Med. 2020 Oct 27. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa2026834. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Adult-onset inflammatory syndromes often manifest with overlapping clinical features. Variants in ubiquitin-related genes, previously implicated in autoinflammatory disease, may define new disorders.

METHODS: We analyzed peripheral-blood exome sequence data independent of clinical phenotype and inheritance pattern to identify deleterious mutations in ubiquitin-related genes. Sanger sequencing, immunoblotting, immunohistochemical testing, flow cytometry, and transcriptome and cytokine profiling were performed. CRISPR-Cas9-edited zebrafish were used as an in vivo model to assess gene function.

RESULTS: We identified 25 men with somatic mutations affecting methionine-41 (p.Met41) in UBA1, the major E1 enzyme that initiates ubiquitylation. (The gene UBA1 lies on the X chromosome.) In such patients, an often fatal, treatment-refractory inflammatory syndrome develops in late adulthood, with fevers, cytopenias, characteristic vacuoles in myeloid and erythroid precursor cells, dysplastic bone marrow, neutrophilic cutaneous and pulmonary inflammation, chondritis, and vasculitis. Most of these 25 patients met clinical criteria for an inflammatory syndrome (relapsing polychondritis, Sweets syndrome, polyarteritis nodosa, or giant-cell arteritis) or a hematologic condition (myelodysplastic syndrome or multiple myeloma) or both. Mutations were found in more than half the hematopoietic stem cells, including peripheral-blood myeloid cells but not lymphocytes or fibroblasts. Mutations affecting p.Met41 resulted in loss of the canonical cytoplasmic isoform of UBA1 and in expression of a novel, catalytically impaired isoform initiated at p.Met67. Mutant peripheral-blood cells showed decreased ubiquitylation and activated innate immune pathways. Knockout of the cytoplasmic UBA1 isoform homologue in zebrafish caused systemic inflammation.

CONCLUSIONS: Using a genotype-driven approach, we identified a disorder that connects seemingly unrelated adult-onset inflammatory syndromes. We named this disorder the VEXAS (vacuoles, E1 enzyme, X-linked, autoinflammatory, somatic) syndrome. (Funded by the NIH Intramural Research Programs and the EU Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Program.).

PMID:33108101 | DOI:10.1056/NEJMoa2026834

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Somatic Mutations in UBA1 and Severe Adult-Onset Autoinflammatory Disease - DocWire News

Bone Marrow Stem Cells Comments Off on Somatic Mutations in UBA1 and Severe Adult-Onset Autoinflammatory Disease – DocWire News | October 30th, 2020

The report on Global Orthopedic Regenerative Medicine Market is a dependable point of reference heralding high accuracy business decisions on the basis of thorough research and observation by seasoned research professionals at CMI Research. The report on global Orthopedic Regenerative Medicine market evidently highlights the causal factors such as demand analysis, trend examination, and technological milestones besides manufacturing activities that have been systematically touched upon to instigate systematic growth projection.

This CMI Research report on global Orthopedic Regenerative Medicine market systematically studies and follows noteworthy progresses across growth trends, novel opportunities as well as drivers and restraints that impact growth prognosis.

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Which market players and aspiring new entrants may witness seamless entry?

Curasan, Inc., Carmell Therapeutics Corporation, Anika Therapeutics, Inc., Conatus Pharmaceuticals Inc., Histogen Inc., Royal Biologics, Ortho Regenerative Technologies, Inc., Swiss Biomed Orthopaedics AG, Osiris Therapeutics, Inc., and Octane Medical Inc.

Predicting Scope: Global Orthopedic Regenerative Medicine Market, 2020-2027

Elaborate research proposes global Orthopedic Regenerative Medicine market is likely to experience an impressive growth through the forecast span, 2020-2027, ticking a robust CAGR of xx% USD. The Orthopedic Regenerative Medicine market is anticipated to demonstrate a whopping growth with impressive CAGR valuation. The Orthopedic Regenerative Medicine market is also likely to maintain the growth spurt showing signs of steady recovery.

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Segmentation Based on Orthopedic Regenerative Medicine Market Types:

By Procedure Cell TherapyTissue EngineeringBy Cell TypeInduced Pluripotent Stem Cells (iPSCs)Adult Stem CellsTissue Specific Progenitor Stem Cells (TSPSCs),Mesenchymal Stem Cells (MSCs)Umbilical Cord Stem Cells (UCSCs)Bone Marrow Stem Cells (BMSCs)By SourceBone MarrowUmbilical Cord BloodAdipose TissueAllograftsAmniotic FluidBy ApplicationsTendons RepairCartilage RepairBone RepairLigament RepairSpine RepairOthers

Global Orthopedic Regenerative Medicine Market Size & Share, By Regions and Countries/Sub-regions:

Asia Pacific: China, Japan, India, and Rest of Asia Pacific

Europe: Germany, the UK, France, and Rest of Europe

North America: the US, Mexico, and Canada

Latin America: Brazil and Rest of Latin America

Middle East & Africa: GCC Countries and Rest of Middle East & Africa

The regional analysis segment is a highly comprehensive part of the report on the global Orthopedic Regenerative Medicine market. This section offers information on the sales growth in these regions on a country-level Orthopedic Regenerative Medicine market.

The historical and forecast information provided in the report span between2020 and 2027. The report provides detailed volume analysis and region-wise market size analysis of the market.

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Covid-19 Impact On Orthopedic Regenerative Medicine Market 2020 Future Development, Manufacturers, Trends, Share, Size And Forecast to 2027 |...

Bone Marrow Stem Cells Comments Off on Covid-19 Impact On Orthopedic Regenerative Medicine Market 2020 Future Development, Manufacturers, Trends, Share, Size And Forecast to 2027 |… | October 30th, 2020

An 11-year-old girl is in urgent need of a bone marrow transplant after being diagnosed with a rare, life-threatening condition.

Arya Lloyd, who was born in the Leicester Royal Infirmary, started to complain of abdominal pain and aches in her back and ribs during the summer.

Her father, Geraint said "she had always been fit and healthy" and did well in sports. So it was a shock to him and his wife, Arya's mother Brundha, when she was diagnosed with aplastic anaemia in late July this year.

Aplastic anaemia, also known as bone marrow failure, is a rare disease affecting the blood whereby the bone marrow and stem cells do not produce enough blood cells.

Arya then went on to have two bone marrow biopsies after her diagnosis.

"Her blood count continued to drop and that's why it is so important to get a donor match," Geraint said.

But finding a match will be a challenge. Arya, whose mother is of Indian heritage and father is Caucasian, will wait longer to find a suitable match due to her dual heritage.

Currently, those of Asian, Black or mixed ethnic background have a 20 per cent chance of finding the best possible match from an unrelated donor, compared with the 70 per cent chance of finding a match for Caucasian patients.

Arya and her parents, who a currently live in Cambridge are "staying positive" while Arya undergoes immunosuppressive treatment at St Mary's Hospital in Paddington.

Geraint told LeicestershireLive: She has been really brave and she just gets on with it. I wish it was me rather than her going through all this but she's optimistic."

The 11-year-old schoolgirl is expected to be discharged from the hospital this week and has spent her time keeping in touch with friends and catching up with homework when she can.

It has now been 22 days since she was admitted to hospital where she has been able to stay with her mother. Due to Covid-19 restrictions, the pair have had to stay in an isolated room and unable to see Geraint who has kept in touch through video calls.

"It's been really difficult, our whole world has been turned upside-down but we need to be optimistic and find a match," Geraint said.

The family is now urging people to come forward and join the bone marrow donor register.

"It's very urgent and so important that particularly people of Indian and mixed heritage join the register as they are hugely underrepresented," Geraint said.

So far, no suitable match has been found for Arya and it will take several months to determine the effects of the treatment she is currently having.

Following the immunosuppressive treatment, Arya will be infection-prone and have to be careful to avoid any trauma or injury due to her low blood count. This also leaves her in the category of people who are at higher risk from Covid-19.

While Arya and her family continue to adjust and stay positive, they need your help.

Joining the bone marrow donor register is simple and can be done from home by ordering a swab kit that is then sent back and analysed.

You can find out more about Arya's story and how to join the register at http://www.dkms.org.uk/en/arya.

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11-year-old urgently needs a bone marrow transplant after being diagnosed with life-threatening condition - Leicestershire Live

Bone Marrow Stem Cells Comments Off on 11-year-old urgently needs a bone marrow transplant after being diagnosed with life-threatening condition – Leicestershire Live | October 29th, 2020

Ongoing studies of Cynata Therapeutics Cymerus stem cell products are beginning to reveal a wide range of commercial possibilities for the ASX-listed companys cutting edge biotechnology that it is looking to apply to a multitude of ailments from the treatment of osteoarthritis and heart attacks through to COVID-19.

In its most advanced trials to date, Cynata will soon embark on a Phase 3 trial of its CYP-004 product, the companys mesenchymal stem cell or MSC product developed to treat osteoarthritis. The 448 person trial is being sponsored by The University of Sydney and will be funded by a project grant from the Australian Government National Health and Medical Research Council.

The company is also progressing on multiple other fronts developing a range of Cymerus MSC therapeutics with the CYP-001 product being another lead candidate. CYP-001 is being developed to treat acute graft-versus-host disease, or GVHD an affliction suffered by bone marrow transplant recipients. GVHD can develop from donated bone marrow that does not take well to a recipients body which triggers an immune response, attacking the host.

Presently, GVHD is treated with steroid therapy however sufferers tend to have a very low survival rate, with less than 20 per cent of patients living for more than two years and few alternate treatment pathways are available.

This looks set to change following Phase 1 trial of Cynatas CYP-001 product on a cohort of patients which saw the survival rate of sufferers of GVHD triple to 60 per cent over a two-year period. The company is now moving CYP-001 into Phase 2 testing and towards commercialisation with partner and shareholder, Fujifilm Corporation.

The matchup with the Japanese-based multi-national is already paying dividends with Cynata receiving an upfront US$3 million payment with further staged payments and royalties to follow in a licensing deal potentially worth more than US$50 million in the longer term.

Stem cells are the building blocks of the human body - essentially the cells from which all other cells are derived and under the right conditions, they can divide to produce more cells sometimes known as Daughter cells. These Daughter cells can become new stem cells or more specialised cells such as blood, bone or even the cells that make up brain or heart tissue.

When appropriately manipulated, stem cells have the potential to treat a range of diseases and aid in the healing and recovery of patients suffering both disease and trauma.

There are a limited number of sources of stem cells - embryonic stem cells, perinatal stem cells and adult stem cells.

Embryonic stem cells are thought to be the most useful and versatile but only harvestable in very small quantities. Perinatal stem cells found in amniotic fluid and umbilical cord blood are also only harvestable in limited quantities although their potential is yet to be fully understood.

Adult stem cells, found in bone marrow or fat, were previously thought to be only useful in producing a limited range of specialised cells with multiple donors required to generate practical amounts of therapeutical medicines.

However, ongoing research shows that by utilising a form of genetic reprogramming, mature cells can be re-programmed to behave like embryonic stem cells. These manipulated cells are called induced pluripotent stem cells, or iPSCs which is where Cynatas Cymerus technology comes into the picture.

Cynatas proprietary Cymerus technology uses iPSCs and a precursor cell called a mesenchymoangioblast to manufacture MSC therapies at a commercial scale without the need for multiple donors. This is where the Cymerus platform diverges from similar therapies, doing away with the need for multiple donors and overcoming a bottleneck in the generation of its product.

Other Cynata MSC products in development include a therapy to assist in the treatment and recovery of heart attacks, which is also showing promise according to the company. Another Cynata product undergoing pre-clinical trials with potential application in the treatment of lung disease is idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, or IPF. Cynatas research in lung diseases has an unexpected spin-off in that its MSCs may assist in a patients recovery of COVID-19 according to the company. This application is being pursued in a clinical trial in COVID-19 patients presently being conducted in NSW.

These latest results with Cymerus MSCs add to the large body of evidence on the potency of these cells and their potential utility in treating a wide range of devastating diseases. IPF represents an enormous unmet medical need, as existing treatment options have only modest effects on disease progression and survival rates.

Cynatas is now modelling potential MSC therapies to treat various other afflictions too including critical limb ischemia, asthma, sepsis, cytokine release syndrome and diabetic wounds.

In the world of biotechnology, you really only have to produce one winner to attract a longing stare from the big biotechs who can swallow you whole with their massive cheque books with a range of targets and opportunities in its armoury that look to be developing well, dont be surprised if Cynata eventually disappears under the giant footprint of one of the big biotechs.

Is your ASX listed company doing something interesting? Contact: matt.birney@wanews.com.au

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Cynata looking to revolutionise stem cell therapy - The West Australian

Bone Marrow Stem Cells Comments Off on Cynata looking to revolutionise stem cell therapy – The West Australian | October 29th, 2020

Cell Harvesting Systems: Introduction

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Cell Harvesting Systems Market: Increasing demand for stem cell transplantation along with stem cell-based therapy to drive the market - BioSpace

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The lymphoid organs purpose is to provide immunity for the body. This second article in a six-part series explains the primary and secondary lymphoid organs and their clinical significance and structure. It comes with a self-assessment enabling you to test your knowledge after reading it

This article is the second in a six-part series about the lymphatic system. It discusses the role of the lymphoid organs, which is to develop and provide immunity for the body. The primary lymphoid organs are the red bone marrow, in which blood and immune cells are produced, and the thymus, where T-lymphocytes mature. The lymph nodes and spleen are the major secondary lymphoid organs; they filter out pathogens and maintain the population of mature lymphocytes.

Citation: Nigam Y, Knight J (2020) The lymphatic system 2: structure and function of the lymphoid organs. Nursing Times [online]; 116: 11, 44-48.

Authors: Yamni Nigam is professor in biomedical science; John Knight is associate professor in biomedical science; both at the College of Human and Health Sciences, Swansea University.

This article discusses the major lymphoid organs and their role in developing and providing immunity for the body. The lymphoid organs include the red bone marrow, thymus, spleen and clusters of lymph nodes (Fig 1). They have many functional roles in the body, most notably:

The red bone marrow and thymus are considered to be primary lymphoid organs, because the majority of immune cells originate in them.

Bone marrow is a soft, gelatinous tissue present in the central cavity of long bones such as the femur and humerus. Blood cells and immune cells arise from the bone marrow; they develop from immature stem cells (haemocytoblasts), which follow distinct developmental pathways to become either erythrocytes, leucocytes or platelets. Stem cells rapidly multiply to make billions of blood cells each day; this process is known as haematopoiesis and is outlined in Fig 2.

To ensure there is a continuous production and differentiation of blood cells to replace those lost to function or age, haematopoietic stem cells are present through adulthood. In the embryo, blood cells are initially made in the yolk sac but, as development of the embryo proceeds, this function is taken over by the spleen, lymph nodes and liver. Later in gestation, the bone marrow takes over most haematopoietic functions so that, at birth, the whole skeleton is filled with red bone marrow.

Red bone marrow produces all erythrocytes, leucocytes and platelets. Haematopoietic stem cells in the bone marrow follow either the myeloid or lymphoid lineages to create distinct blood cells (Fig2); these include myeloid progenitor cells (monocytes, macrophages, neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils, erythrocytes, dendritic cells and platelets), and lymphoid progenitor cells (T-lymphocytes, B-lymphocytes and natural killer cells).

Some lymphoid cells (lymphocytes) begin life in the red bone marrow and become fully formed in the lymphatic organs, including the thymus, spleen and lymph nodes. As puberty is reached and growth slows down, physiological conversion occurs, changing red bone marrow to yellow bone marrow. This entire process is completed by the age of 25years, when red bone marrow distribution shows its adult pattern in the bones.

The pattern is characterised by:

However, under particular conditions, such as severe blood loss or fever, the yellow marrow may revert back to red marrow (Malkiewicz and Dziedzic 2012).

Any disease or disorder that poses a threat to the bone marrow can affect many body systems, especially if it prevents stem cells from turning into essential cells. Those known to damage the marrows productive ability and destroy stem cells include:

A growing number of diseases can be treated with a bone marrow transplant or haematopoietic stem cell transfer; this is often achieved by harvesting suitable donor stem cells from the posterior iliac crests of the hip bone, where the concentration of red bone marrow is highest.

The thymus gland is a bi-lobed, pinkish-grey organ located just above the heart in the mediastinum, where it rests below the sternum (breastbone). Structurally, the thymus resembles a small bow tie, which gradually atrophies (shrinks) with age. In pre-pubescents, the thymus is a relatively large and very active organ that, typically, weighs around 40g, but in a middle-aged adult it may have shrunk sufficiently to be difficult to locate. By 20 years of age, the thymus is 50% smaller than it was at birth, and by 60years of age it has shrunk to a sixth of its original size (Bilder, 2016); this is called thymic involution

Each of the two lobes of the thymus is surrounded by a capsule, within which are numerous small lobules typically measuring 2-3mm in width which are held together by loose connective tissue. Each lobule consists of follicles that are composed of a framework of thyomsin-secreting epithelial cells and a population of T-lymphocytes; these cells are commonly referred to as T-cells (the T denotes their origin as mature cells from the thymus). Lobules have two distinct areas:

In addition to being a major lymphoid organ, the thymus is also recognised as part of the endocrine system because it secretes a family of hormones collectively referred to as thymosin; this is a group of several structurally related hormones secreted by the thymic epithelial cells. These hormones are essential for normal immune function and many members of the thymosin family are used therapeutically to treat cancers, infections and diseases such as multiple sclerosis (Severa et al, 2019).

T-cells originate as haematopoietic stem cells from the red bone marrow (Fig2). A population of these haematopoietic stem cells infiltrate the thymus, dividing further within the cortical regions of the lobules then migrating into the medullary regions to mature into active T-cells; this process of T-cell maturation is controlled by the hormone thymosin. A proportion of these mature T-cells continually migrate from the thymus into the blood and other lymphoid organs (spleen and lymph nodes), where they play a major role in the bodys specific immune responses (which will be discussed in detail in part 3 of this series). The importance of these cells is apparent in patients who have depleted T-cell populations, such as those infected with HIV.

One of the most important functions of the thymus is programming T-cells to recognise self antigens through a process called thymic education. This process allows mature T-cells to distinguish foreign, and therefore potentially pathogenic, material from antigens that belong to the body. It has been demonstrated that removal of the thymus may lead to an increase in autoimmune diseases, as this ability to recognise self is diminished (Sherer et al, 1999).

Diseases of the thymus include thymic cancer and myasthenia gravis (MG). MG occurs when the thymus produces antibodies that block or destroy the muscle-receptor sites, causing the muscles to become weak and easily tired. It most commonly affects muscles that control the eyes and eyelids, resulting in droopy eyelids and difficulty making facial expressions; chewing, swallowing and speaking also become difficult. MG can affect people of any age, but typically starts in women aged <40years and men aged >60years.

In most cases of either MG or thymic cancer, thymectomy is recommended. Patients who have had a thymectomy may develop an immunodeficiency known as Good syndrome, which increases their susceptibility to bacterial, fungal and viral opportunistic pathogens; this condition is, however, relatively rare.

The spleen and lymph nodes are two major secondary lymphoid organs that play key roles in:

When foreign antigens reach these organs, they initiate lymphocyte activation and subsequent clonal expansion and maturation of these important white blood cells. Mature lymphocytes can then leave the secondary organs to enter the circulation, or travel to other areas, and target foreign antigens.

The spleen is the largest lymphoid organ. Situated in the upper left hypochondriac region of the abdominal cavity, between the diaphragm and the fundus of the stomach, it primarily functions as a filter for the blood, bringing it into close contact with scavenging phagocytes (white blood cells in the spleen that will seek out and eat any pathogens in the blood) and lymphocytes.

Due to its extensive vascularisation, the spleen is a dark-purplish oval-shaped organ; in adults it is approximately 12cm long, 7cm wide and weighs around 150g. However, the size of the spleen can vary with circumstance: it diminishes in starvation, after heavy exercise and following severe haemorrhage (Gujar et al, 2017), and recent investigations indicate an increase in size in well-fed individuals and during the ingestion of food (Garnitschnig et al, 2020).

The spleen (Fig3) is enclosed in a dense, fibro-elastic capsule that protrudes into the organ as trabeculae; these trabeculae constitute the organs framework. Blood enters the spleen from the splenic artery and leaves via the splenic vein, both of which are at the hilum; the splenic vein eventually becomes a tributary of the hepatic portal vein.

The spleen is made up of two regions:

White pulp is a mass of germinal centres of dividing B-lymphocytes (B-cells), surrounded by T-cells and accessory cells, including macrophages and dendritic cells; these cells are arranged as lymphatic nodules around branches of the splenic artery. As blood flows into the spleen via the splenic artery, it enters smaller, central arteries of the white pulp, eventually reaching the red pulp. The red pulp is a spongy tissue, accounting for 75% of the splenic volume (Pivkin et al, 2016); it consists of blood-filled venous sinuses and splenic cords.

Splenic cords are made up of red and white blood cells and plasma cells (antibody-producing B-cells); therefore, the red pulp primarily functions as a filtration system for the blood, whereas the white pulp is where adaptive T- and B-cell responses are mounted. The colour of the white pulp is derived from the closely packed lymphocytes and the red pulps colour is due to high numbers of erythrocytes (Stewart and McKenzie, 2002).

The spleen has three major functions:

The spleens main immunological function is to remove micro-organisms from circulation. The lymphatic nodules are arranged as sleeves around the blood vessels, bringing blood into the spleen. Within the white pulp are splenic nodules called Malpighian corpuscles, which are rich in B-cells, so this portion of lymphoid tissue is quick to respond to foreign antigenic stimulation by producing antibodies. The walls of the meshwork of sinuses in the red pulp also contain phagocytes that engulf foreign particles and cell debris, effectively filtering and removing them from circulation.

In the spleens destruction of old and senescent red blood cells, they are digested by phagocytic macrophages in the red pulp. The haemoglobin is then split apart into haem and globin. The globin is broken down into its constituent amino acids, which can be utilised in the synthesis of a new protein. Haem consists of an iron atom surrounded four non-iron (pyrrole) rings.

The iron is removed and transported to be stored as ferritin, then reused to make new haemoglobin in the red bone marrow; macrophages convert the pyrrole rings into the green pigment biliverdin and then into the yellow pigment bilirubin. Both are transported to the liver bound to plasma albumin. Bilirubin, the more toxic pigment, is conjugated in the liver to form a less toxic compound, which is excreted in bile.

The red pulp partly serves to store a large reserve of the bodys platelets up to a third of the total platelet supply. In some animals particularly athletic mammals such as horses, greyhounds and foxes the spleen is also an important reservoir of blood, which is released into circulation during times of stress to improve aerobic performance. In humans, however, the spleen contributes only a small percentage of blood cells into active circulation under physiological stress; the total stored blood volume is believed to be only 200-250ml (Bakovic et al, 2005). The capsule of the spleen may contract following haemorrhage, releasing this reserve into circulation in the body.

The spleen also plays a minor role in haematopoiesis: usually occuring in foetuses of up to five months gestation, erythrocytes, along with the bone marrow, are produced by the spleen.

As the spleen is the largest collection of lymphoid tissue in the body, infections that cause white blood cell proliferation and antigenic stimulation may cause germinal centres in the organ to expand, resulting in its enlargement (splenomegaly). This happens in many diseases for example, malaria, cirrhosis and leukaemia. The spleen is not usually palpable, but an enlarged spleen is palpable during deep inspiration. Enlargement may also be caused by any obstruction in blood flow, for example in the hepatic portal vein.

The anatomical position of the spleen coincides with the left tenth rib. Given its proximity to the abdominal wall, it is one of the most commonly injured organs in blunt abdominal trauma. The spleen is a fragile organ and, due to its highly vascularised nature, any injury causing rupture will rapidly lead to severe intraperitoneal haemorrhage; death may result due to massive blood loss and shock.

A moderate splenic injury may be managed conservatively, but an extensively burst or ruptured spleen may be treated by complete and prompt removal (splenectomy). However, current data supports successful non-operative management of many traumatic splenic injuries, with the intention of reducing the need for complete removal (Armstrong et al, 2019).

Patients being treated for certain malignant diseases may also require a partial or total splenectomy and, although other structures such as the bone marrow and liver can take over some of the functions that are usually carried out by the spleen, such patients may be at increased risk of infection. With an overwhelming post-splenectomy infection, there is also an increased risk of sepsis, which is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Infection is usually with encapsulated pathogens, including Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae and Neisseria meningitidis. Clinical guidelines to help reduce the risk of infection advocate education about infection prevention, vaccination and antibiotic prophylaxis (Arnott et al, 2018).

Swollen lymph nodes and a fever are sure signs that the body is mounting an effective immune response against an offending pathogen

Lymph nodes vary in size and shape, but are typically bean-shaped structures found clustered at specific locations throughout the body. Although their size varies, each node has a characteristic internal structure (Fig4).

The central portions of the lymph node are essential to its function; here, there are large numbers of fixed macrophages, which phagocytose foreign material such as bacteria on contact, and populations of B- and T-cells. Lymph nodes are crucial to most antibody-mediated immune responses: when the phagocytic macrophages trap pathogenic material, that material is presented to the lymphocytes so antibodies can be generated.

Each lymph node is supplied by one or more afferent lymphatic vessels, which deliver crude, unmodified lymph directly from neighbouring tissues. A healthy, fully functioning node removes the majority of pathogens from the lymph before the fluid leaves via one or more efferent lymphatic vessels. In addition to its lymphatic supply, each lymph node is supplied with blood via a small artery; the artery delivers a variety of leucocytes, which populate the inner regions of the node.

When infection is present, the lymph nodes become increasingly metabolically active and their oxygen requirements increase. A small vein carries deoxygenated blood away from each node and returns it to the major veins. In times of infection, this venous blood may carry a variety of chemical messengers (cytokines) that are produced by the resident leucocytes in the nodes. These cytokines act as general warning signals, alerting the body to the potential threat and activating a variety of specific immune reactions.

The structure of a lymph node is not unlike that of the spleen. Each lymph node is divided into several regions:

During infection, antibody-producing B-cells begin to proliferate in the germinal centres, causing the affected lymph nodes to enlarge and become palpable and tender. Some of the cytokines released are pyrogenic (meaning they cause fever) and act directly on the thermoregulatory centre in the hypothalamus to increase body temperature. As the majority of human pathogens divide optimally at around 37C, this increase in body temperature serves to slow down bacterial replication, allowing the infection to be dealt with more efficiently by the immune system. Swollen lymph nodes and a fever are both sure signs that the body is mounting an effective immune response against the offending pathogen; this will be discussed in more detail in part 3 of this series.

Other types of lymphatic tissue also exist. Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) is positioned to protect the respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts from invasion by microbes. The following are made up of MALT:

The tonsils are aggregates of lymphatic tissue strategically located to prevent foreign material and pathogens from entering the body. The palatine tonsils are in the pharynx, the lingual tonsils in the oral cavity and the pharyngeal tonsils (adenoids) are at the back of the nasal cavity; as a result of this, the tonsils themselves are at high risk of infection and inflammation (tonsillitis). This will also be discussed further in part 3.

Armstrong RA et al (2019) Successful non-operative management of haemodynamically unstable traumatic splenic injuries: 4-year case series in a UK major trauma centre. European Journal of Trauma and Emergency Surgery; 45: 5, 933-938.

Arnott A et al (2018) A registry for patients with asplenia/hyposplenism reduces the risk of infections with encapsulated organisms. Clinical Infectious Diseases; 67: 4, 557-561.

Bakovi D et al (2005) Effect of human splenic contraction on variation in circulating blood cell counts. Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology and Physiology; 32: 11, 944-951.

Bilder G (2016) Human Biological Aggin: From Macromolecules to Organ Systems. Wiley.

Garnitschnig L et al (2020) Postprandial dynamics of splenic volume in healthy volunteers. Physiological Reports; 8: 2, e14319.

Gujar S et al (2017) A cadaveric study of human spleen and its clinical significance. National Journal of Clinical Anatomy; 6: 1, 35-41.

Makiewicz A, Dziedzic M (2012) Bone marrow reconversion: imaging of physiological changes in bone marrow. Polish Journal of Radiology; 77: 4, 45-50.

Pivkin IV et al (2016) Biomechanics of red blood cells in human spleen and consequences for physiology and disease. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America; 113: 28, 7804-7809.

Severa M et al (2019) Thymosins in multiple sclerosis and its experimental models: moving from basic to clinical application. Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders; 27: 52-60.

Sherer Y et al (1999) The dual relationship between thymectomy and autoimmunity: the kaleidoscope of autoimmune disease. In: Paul S (ed) Autoimmune Reactions. Contemporary Immunology. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press.

Stewart IB, McKenzie DC (2002) The human spleen during physiological stress. Sports Medicine; 32: 6, 361-369.

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